Adhesion during the epiphytic stage is necessary not only for spore germination, but also establishment of a successful parasitic interaction ( Lu et al., 2004). The higher the inoculum concentration and more durable leaf wetness, the greater the fungal sporulation and damage ( Guyot et al., 2005). Plant scales are related to the fungal adhesion mechanism, favouring conidial and hyphal adhesion, so are involved in the plant–pathogen interaction process. It was observed that scales acted as focal points for adhesion of conidia and hyphae and bases for further growth ( Fig. 1E). These results indicate

that scales can function as a natural spore trap, favouring the epiphytic Venetoclax purchase stage and establishment of infection. This suggests that the differences in fusariosis infection of cv. Vitoria and other pineapple cultivars are in part due to more hostile environment in the pre-penetration (epiphytic) stage, and that scales can be considered a potential factor in the incidence of disease, in that scales may be associated with providing humidity Selleckchem ATM/ATR inhibitor and nutrients for spore germination following injury. In summary, consideration of scale number and density can provide important information on the ecology

of the pathogen and disease epidemiology and integrate into control strategies. The authors would like to thank the Departamento de Fisica (UFES) and Laboratório de Biologia Celular e Tecidual (LBCT/UENF) for technical assistance with the electron microscopy. Financial support was provided by CAPES (Coordination of Improvement of Higher Education Personnel), CNPq (National PLEK2 Council for Scientific and Technological Development), FINEP (Research and Projects Financing Agency) and FAPES (State of Espirito Santo Science and Technology Foundation). “
“Event Date and Venue Details from 2011 4th INTERNATIONAL WORKSHOP FOR PHYTOPHTHORA, PYTHIUM AND RELATED GENERA; SYSTEMATICS, DETECTION,DATABASES, ECOLOGY 23–28 May College Park, MD, USA G. Abad E-mail: [email protected]

63rd INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON CROP PROTEC-TION 24 May Ghent, BELGIUM G. Smagghe E-mail: [email protected] Fax: 32-09-264-6249 Voice: 32-09-264-6010 Web: http://www.iscp.ugent.be/index.php 2nd ARGENTINE CONGRESS OF PLANT PATHOLOGY 26–28 May Mar del Plata, BA, ARGENTINA A. Ridao E-mail: [email protected] INSECT PATHOGENS AND ENTOMOPATHOGENICNEMATODES 19–23 June Innsbruck, AUSTRIA H. Strasser, BIPESCO TeamInnsbruck, Univ. Innsbruck, Technikstrasse 25, 6020 Innsbruck, AUSTRIA E-mail: [email protected] Web: http://www.uibk.ac.at/bipesco/iobc_wprs_2011/ 2nd ENTOMOPHAGOUS INSECT CONFERENCE 20-23 June Antibes, FRANCE E. Wajnberg, INRA, BP 167, 06903 Sophia Antipolis, FRANCE Fax: 33-4-92-38-6557 Voice: 33-4-92-38-6447 E-mail: [email protected] Web: http://tinyurl.com/2c5799s 3rd INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON ENVIRON-MENTAL WEEDS & INVASIVE PLANTS (Intractable Weeds and PlantInvaders) 02–07 October Ascona, SWITZERLAND C.