aureus isolates [21, 22]. However, spa-typing of the ST398 isolates revealed very limited variation within this group and 80% of our ST398 isolates had either spa-type t011, t108 or t034 [23]. Recently, a multiple-locus variable number of tandem repeat analysis (MLVA) has been presented [24]. Although MLVA is significantly more discriminatory than spa-typing, it was unable to yield a better discrimination of the isolates of the ST398 lineage. The lack of a typing method that can discriminate ST398 strains has hampered studies on the origin and transmission routes GW2580 order of this MRSA clade. In the Netherlands all first MRSA isolates obtained from patients with

staphylococcal disease and from patients that carry the pathogen are sent to the National MRSA reference centre for typing. In 2007, 30% of all forwarded MRSA isolates were NT SmaI -MRSA [23]. Recently, a neoschizomer of SmaI, designated as Cfr9I, was shown to be insensitive for the DNA-methylation leading to NT SmaI -MRSA isolates. In two studies this restriction enzyme was used for generating PFGE profiles of NT SmaI -MRSA isolates [18, 25]. In the study presented here we optimized PFGE with restriction enzyme Cfr9I and evaluated its use to characterize NT SmaI -MRSA isolates. Nec-1s concentration The data will

yield important information about the genetic MGCD0103 research buy diversity of the ST398 clonal lineage in the Netherlands and demonstrates that Cfr9I PFGE is a powerful tool to study possible transmission and outbreaks of MRSA isolates, previously not typeable by conventional PFGE approaches. Methods Bacterial isolates The National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM) serves as the Dutch National MRSA reference center. All first MRSA isolates, one per patient, are sent to the RIVM for further typing. PFGE was carried out using restriction enzyme SmaI according to the Harmony protocol [26]. From this large MRSA collection a number

of NT SmaI -MRSA was selected to optimize and validate the Cfr9I PFGE. To study the genetic diversity of the two most prevalent spa-types among NT SmaI -MRSA in the Netherlands, 60 NT SmaI -MRSA isolates (t011 (n = 30) and t108 (n = 30)) in 2008 from patients living in geographical dispersed regions in the Netherlands Molecular motor were used. In addition, 16 strains (8 pairs) from veterinarians and one of their family members, the latter whom did not have contact with animals and 40 pig and pig farmer isolates and 6 strains from an NT SmaI -MRSA outbreak in a residential care facility [18] were included in this study to assess the potential of the Cfr9I PFGE to identify transmissions. To validate the Cfr9I PFGE method, 10 typeable MRSA (T-MRSA) isolates and the reference strain NCTC 8325 were tested. Five non-typeable isolates were repeated 3 times with Cfr9I PFGE to ensure the reproducibility of the method. Molecular typing All isolates were characterized with spa typing [22]. Spa-types were assigned using Bionumerics software version 5.1 (Applied Maths, Sint-Martens-Latem, Belgium).