Conclusions: Findings suggest the importance of increasing awareness about weight-based victimization and its consequences, especially among male physical educators. Implications for the psychological, social, and physical development of overweight youth are discussed. (C) 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“Production of baicalein, baicalin and wogonin by liquid culture of Scutellaria baicalensis cells derived from the plant root was studied. The maximum production obtained were 119 mg/L of baicalein at two week, 1372 mg/L

of baicalin at eight week, and 14 mg/L of wogonin at two week. In addition, the production of baicalin was drastically Autophagy inhibitor increased to 1000 mg/L level at 3-week culture, and the extremely high production rate (339 mg/L.week) was obtained. In the comparison of total antioxidative activities among baicalein, baicalin MX69 in vivo and wogonin, evaluated by thiocyanate method, it was suggested that the location of hydroxyl groups both at 5- and 6-position contributed to enhancement of radical scavenging activity, and/or methoxylation at 8-position diminished the activity. The possibility of utilizing these flavonoids for natural antioxidants and medicine is also discussed.”
“The orexinergic neurons of the lateral hypothalamus (Orx) are essential for regulating sleep-wake dynamics, and their loss causes narcolepsy, a disorder characterized by severe

instability of sleep and wake states. However, the mechanisms through which Orx stabilize sleep and wake are not well understood. In this work, an explanation of the stabilizing effects of Orx is presented using a quantitative model of important

physiological connections between Orx and the sleep-wake switch. In addition to Orx and the sleep-wake switch, which is composed of mutually inhibitory wake-active monoaminergic neurons in brainstem and hypothalamus (MA) and the sleep-active ventrolateral preoptic neurons of the hypothalamus (VLPO), the model also includes the circadian and homeostatic sleep drives. It is shown that Orx stabilizes prolonged waking episodes via its excitatory input to MA and by relaying a circadian input to MA, thus sustaining MA firing activity during the circadian day. During sleep, both Orx and MA are inhibited by the VLPO, and the subsequent selleckchem reduction in Orx input to the MA indirectly stabilizes sustained sleep episodes. Simulating a loss of Orx, the model produces dynamics resembling narcolepsy, including frequent transitions between states, reduced waking arousal levels, and a normal daily amount of total sleep. The model predicts a change in sleep timing with differences in orexin levels, with higher orexin levels delaying the normal sleep episode, suggesting that individual differences in Orx signaling may contribute to chronotype. Dynamics resembling sleep inertia also emerge from the model as a gradual sleep-to-wake transition on a timescale that varies with that of Orx dynamics.