“
“If spin-transfer torque RAM (SPRAM) technology is used as a true nonvolatile RAM, it will be able to provide normally “”off”" and instant “”on”" functions. This would drastically reduce the power consumption of information technology (IT) equipment and its infrastructure while preserving high performance, thus leading to a green IT infrastructure. This paper describes the design issues and solutions for creating a Gb-scale SPRAM;

scaling in memory cell current (proportional to F, F: feature size) and the tunneling magnetoresistive (TMR) device’s write current (proportional to F-2), the maximum voltage applicable CHIR98014 chemical structure to a TMR device (TMR ratio and resistance area product are considered); and

the thermal stability of the TMR device (depending on the operation mode and density). Moreover, the cell and array configurations and an indispensable disruptive reading operation are shown for 4F(2)DDRx compatible operations. SPRAM can cover a system composed of a DRAM region. Finally, the potential of a multibit memory structure that covers the area of a not-and flash memory is discussed. (C) 2011 American Institute of Physics. [doi:10.1063/1.3556681]“
“The click here T cell response to major histocompatibility complex (MHC) alloantigens occurs via two main pathways. The direct pathway involves the recognition of intact allogeneic MHC:peptide complexes on donor cells and provokes uniquely high frequencies of

responsive T cells. The indirect response results from alloantigens being processed like any other protein antigen and presented as peptide by autologous antigen-presenting cells. The frequencies of T cells with indirect allospecificity are orders of magnitude lower and comparable to other peptide-specific selleckchem responses. In this study, we explored the contributions of naive and memory CD4+ T cells to these two pathways. Using an adoptive transfer and skin transplantation model we found that naive and memory CD4+ T cells, both naturally occurring and induced by sensitization with multiple third-party alloantigens, contributed equally to graft rejection when only the direct pathway was operative. In contrast, the indirect response was predominantly mediated by the naive subset. Elimination of regulatory CD4+CD25+ T cells enabled memory cells to reject grafts through the indirect pathway, but at a much slower tempo than for naive cells.