In summary, our findings show that there is within-breed genetic variation for commercially relevant traits that could be exploited in future breeding programs against PRRSV infection. Selection

for increased PRRS resistance would be desirable to the industry because effective control measures remain elusive.”
“In Part I of this work, using a one-dimensional (1D) representation of the two-dimensional (2D) electrostatic and ion concentration fields, we showed that highly selective adhesion can be achieved between two charged surfaces separated by an electrolyte. In Part II of this work, we provide a detailed theoretical justification of our 1D model by solving the Pevonedistat order electrostatic problem in a 2D configuration. We establish the conditions under which a 1D approximation is accurate in terms of Blasticidin S clinical trial material and geometrical parameters. We provide the full 2D solution that can be used to analyze other physical phenomena involving migration and separation of particles under the influence of fixed surface

charges. (C) 2011 American Institute of Physics. [doi:10.1063/1.3626433]“
“Droplet velocity is an important parameter that can be used to characterize nasal spray products. In this study, a phase-Doppler anemometry (PDA) system was used to measure the droplet velocities of nasal sprays. A survey of seven commercial nasal spray products showed a range of droplet velocities from 6.7 to 19.2 m/s, all significantly different from each other. A three-level, four-factor Box-Behnken design of experiments (DOE) methodology were applied to investigate the influences

of actuation parameters and formulation properties on nasal spray droplet velocity using find more a set of placebo formulations. The DOE study shows that all four input factors (stroke length, actuation velocity, concentration of the gelling agent, and concentration of the surfactant) have significant influence on droplet velocity. An optimized quadratic model generated from the DOE results describes the inherent relationships between the input factors and droplet velocity thus providing a better understanding of the input factor influences. Overall, PDA provides a new in vitro characterization method for the evaluation of inhalation drugs through assessment of spray velocity and may assist in product development to meet drug delivery equivalency requirements.”
“Poly(arylene ether nitriles) (PEN) containing various contents of graphene nanosheets (GNs) was prepared via solution-casting method and investigated for their dielectric, mechanical, thermal, and rheological properties. For PEN/GNs nanocomposite with 5 wt% GNs, the dielectric constant was increased to 9.0 compared with that of neat PEN (3.1) and dielectric losses of all nanocomposites were in the range of 0.019-0.023 at 1 kHz. The tensile modulus and strength were increased about 6 and 14% with 0.5% GNs, respectively.