influenzae selleck chemical strains were tested for their ability to cleave the chromogenic β-lactamase substrate nitrocefin
as previously described [98]. Bacterial strains were first cultured onto agar plates supplemented with appropriate antibiotics. These plate-grown cells were suspended to an OD of 300 Klett units in 5-mL of broth, and aliquots (50 μL, ~107 CFU) were transferred to duplicate wells of a 48-well tissue culture plate; control wells were seeded with broth only. To each of these wells, 325 μL of a nitrocefin (Calbiochem®) solution (250 μg/mL in phosphate buffer) was added and the absorbance at a APR-246 clinical trial wavelength of 486 nm (A486) was immediately measured using a μQuant™ Microplate Spectrophotometer (BioTek®) and recorded as time “0”. The A486 of the samples was then measured after a 30-min incubation at room temperature. These experiments were repeated a minimum of three times for each strain. Sequence analyses and TAT prediction
Programs Sequencing results were analyzed and assembled using Sequencher® 4.9 (Gene Codes Corporation). Sequence analyses and comparisons were performed using the various tools available through the ExPASy Proteomics Server HKI-272 purchase (http://au.expasy.org/) and NCBI (http://blast.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov). To identify potential TAT substrates of M. catarrhalis, annotated nucleotide sequences from strain ATCC43617 [81] were translated and analyzed with the prediction algorithms available through the TatFind 1.4 (http://signalfind.org/tatfind.html) [82] and TatP 1.0 (http://www.cbs.dtu.dk/services/TatP/) [83] servers using the default settings. The published genomic sequence of M. catarrhalis strain BBH18 [78] was analyzed RAS p21 protein activator 1 in the same manner. Statistical analyses The GraphPad Prism Software was used for all statistical analyses. Growth rate experiments and nitrocefin assays were analyzed by a two-way analysis of variants (ANOVA), followed by the Bonferroni post-test of the means of each time point.
Asterisks indicate statistically significant differences where P < 0.05. Acknowledgements This study was supported by a grant from NIH/NIAID (AI051477) and startup funds from the University of Georgia College of Veterinary Medicine to ERL. References 1. Cripps AW, Otczyk DC, Kyd JM: Bacterial otitis media: a vaccine preventable disease? Vaccine 2005,23(17–18):2304–2310.PubMedCrossRef 2. Giebink GS, Kurono Y, Bakaletz LO, Kyd JM, Barenkamp SJ, Murphy TF, Green B, Ogra PL, Gu XX, Patel JA, et al.: Recent advances in otitis media. 6. Vaccine. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol Suppl 2005, 194:86–103.PubMed 3. Karalus R, Campagnari A: Moraxella catarrhalis: a review of an important human mucosal pathogen. Microbes Infect 2000,2(5):547–559.PubMedCrossRef 4. Murphy TF: Vaccine development for non-typeable Haemophilus influenzae and Moraxella catarrhalis: progress and challenges. Expert Rev Vaccines 2005,4(6):843–853.PubMedCrossRef 5. Pichichero ME, Casey JR: Otitis media.