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Lipase and acidic phosphatase from the psychrotrophic bacterium Pseudomonas fluorescens : two enzymes whose synthesis is regulated by the growth temperature. FEMS Microbiol Lett 1994,122(1–2):13–18.PubMedCrossRef 39. Li XJ, Yue LY, Guan XF, Qiao SY: The adhesion of putative probiotic lactobacilli to cultured epithelial cells and porcine intestinal mucus. J Appl Microbiol 2008,104(4):1082–1091.PubMedCrossRef 40. Darfeuille-Michaud PRI-724 A, Aubel D, Chauviere G, Rich C, Bourges M, Servin A, Joly B: Adhesion of enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli to the human colon carcinoma cell line Caco-2 in culture. Infect Immun 1990,58(4):893–902.PubMed Authors’ contributions AM carried out most experiments and analyzed most of the data. NC wrote the manuscript, participated in the design of the study and analyzed most of the data. MG carried out the IL-8 ELISA assay. OL carried out the construction of NF-κB reporter cells. KR carried out the construction of AP-1 reporter cells. signaling pathway JD and HB participated in the design of the

construction of NF-κB and AP-1 reporter cells and help to draft the manuscript. PS and NO were involved in the design of the study. MF participated in the design of the study and writing of the manuscript, AG performed the statistical MycoClean Mycoplasma Removal Kit analysis. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.”
“Background Worldwide, there are over 350 million people persistently infected with hepatitis B virus (HBV) [1]. Chronic HBV infections may have serious consequences, including acute hepatitis, as well as chronic hepatitis, cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) [2]. Together, these are responsible for over 1 million deaths worldwide each year [3]. Current treatments for HBV infections are not only expensive and have significant

side effects, but also only induce a partial response [4–6]. In eukaryotic cells, RNA interference (RNAi), a type of double-stranded (ds) RNA, initiates and directs sequence-specific, post-transcriptional silencing of homologous genes [7, 8]. It has been demonstrated in previous studies that expression and replication of HBV can be suppressed by siRNA or shRNA with clinical implications [9–11]. However, the wide heterogeneity of HBV sequences may render RNAi inhibitors ineffective. To explore this further, 40 shRNA expression plasmids were constructed to target the sites that were conserved among HBV genotypes A through I. Their anti-HBV efficacy was then evaluated in vitro and in vivo. Results Screening for effective and broad anti-HBV shRNA The shRNA plasmids co-transfected with two HBV 1.35 plasmids (N10 and Y1021) exhibited varying levels of extracellular HBsAg expression (Table 1).