Moreover, since the sample size of the dCG cohort was much larger than the HKSC cohort, many significant p values of the top findings were

driven primarily by the dCG study. Caution should therefore be exercised in interpreting meta-analysis findings, especially when our current data suggested that there was a large genetic heterogeneity for spine BMD present between Chinese and European. Lastly, correction for stratification or any inflation has not been established in gene-based GWAS study; therefore, all QC should be done in the single-locus GWAS before performing the gene-based GWAS. In conclusion, our results demonstrate the potential applicability of a gene-based approach to the interpretation https://www.selleckchem.com/CDK.html and further https://www.selleckchem.com/products/psi-7977-gs-7977.html mining of GWAS data. The importance of a gene-based approach is that single-locus GWAS mainly focuses on the association between

a single marker and disease trait. It may not be able to identify a disease gene that harbors several causal variants with small effect size (allelic heterogeneity). Testing the overall effect of all SNPs in a gene, thus leveraging this information, may find more provide significant power to identify disease genes. In this study, we identified and/or confirmed a number of BMD genes. These BMD genes were significantly enriched in connective tissue development and function and skeletal and muscular system development and function. Using a gene network inference approach, we observed that a large

number of BMD genes were connected with each other and contributed to a significant physiological function related to bone metabolism. Our approach suggests a concept of how variation in multiple genes linked in a functional gene network contributes to BMD variation and provides a useful tool to reveal the hidden information of GWAS that would be missed in single SNP analysis. Acknowledgments This work was supported by the Research Grant Council of the Hong Kong Government, The Osteoporosis Research Fund, and Matching Grant of the University of Hong Kong Conflicts of interest None. Open Carbachol Access This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Noncommercial License which permits any noncommercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author(s) and source are credited. Electronic supplementary material Below is the link to the electronic supplementary material. ESM 1 (Doc 253 kb) References 1. Rivadeneira F, Styrkarsdottir U, Estrada K, Halldorsson BV, Hsu YH, Richards JB, Zillikens MC, Kavvoura FK, Amin N, Aulchenko YS et al (2009) Twenty bone-mineral-density loci identified by large-scale meta-analysis of genome-wide association studies. Nat Genet 41(11):1199–1206PubMedCrossRef 2.