OLL2809 was isolated from human feces [22]. The beneficial activity of this strain on mucosal inflammation has been previously shown in mice, where administration of OLL2809 was effective in reducing endometriotic lesions [30]. L13-Ia was isolated from raw whole bovine milk and was considered a potential probiotic strain [23] as it survived a selective in vitro digestion protocol. Another probiotic property of these strains has been confirmed in this study (Table 1).

The intestinal microbiota buy Rapamycin interacts with the local immune system promoting mechanisms of intestinal homeostasis [31]. Harnessing the contribution of probiotics to this physiological function has been proposed as a potential beneficial treatment for inflammatory bowel disease [32]. The activity of these probiotic organisms is thought to be mediated by the interaction of microbe-associated molecular patterns (MAMPs)

with pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) on antigen-presenting cells. In particular, the immune response against lactobacilli is dictated by conserved MAMPs [33]. As a result of these interactions, some L. gasseri strains induce DCs to produce high levels of IL-10, IL-6, IL-12, and TNF-α [33]. In line with these data, herein we showed that direct exposure of L. gasseri strains to DCs resulted in strong cytokine responses with no deviation toward a specific phenotype. Notably, the reported pro-inflammatory phenotype of mDCs derived from VX-809 order this mouse strain [34] was abrogated after challenge with both L. gasseri strains as IL-10 was also induced. Nevertheless, all of these cytokines may contribute to innate immunity by inducing the proliferation and differentiation of natural killer cells in vivo[35]. In functional experiments, we set the bacteria: eukaryotic cell ratio to 30:1 on the triclocarban basis of a study showing that this proportion was optimal to stimulate cells [36]. Using this protocol, a differential activity of the two L. gasseri strains was shown following bacteria challenge of mature DCs. This in vitro condition resembles the physiologic interaction occurring

between bacteria and DC protrusions across the intestinal epithelium that reflects an active response to local commensal flora and bacterial products [29]. In our experiments, the percentage of CD11b+CD11c+ DCs and the expression of co-stimulatory markers (CD40 and CD80) were increased following maturation. Intestinal lamina propria (LP) DCs are classified into CD11chiCD11bhi and CD11chiCD11blo DCs [37], which were found to be equivalent to CD103+CD8α- and CD103+CD8α+ LPDCs subsets, respectively [38]. Interestingly, only OLL2809 sustained maturation of DCs in our experiments, leaving unchanged the percentage of CD11b+CD11c+ DCs and by increasing the expression of co-stimulatory markers. We also examined the interaction of L.