Panel B: proportion of early apoptotic cells (annexin-V+/PI-) after infection for different times. The data are

expressed as mean ± SD for three independent experiments. Panel C: proportion of late apoptotic/necrotic cells (annexin-V+/PI+) after infection for different times. The data are expressed as mean ± SD for three independent experiments. *:P < 0.05, wild-type strain compared with the mutant. Attenuated lethality of the fliY - mutant strain in guinea pigs The lethality to guinea pigs of the wild-type L. interrogans strain Lai was significantly larger than of the fliY - mutant during a 10d post-challenge period (Table 1). No animals infected by the fliY - mutant strain died comparing learn more with 100% death, which were infected by wild-type strain with the same dosage. When the challenge dosage for

the fliY – mutant was increased www.selleckchem.com/products/btsa1.html to ten times the dosage used for the wild-type strain, only 60% of the animals infected with the fliY – mutant died. Table 1 Lethality of the fliY – mutant and the wild-type strain in infected guinea pigs. Strain Challenge dosage (×108 per animal) Animal (n) Dead/surviving (n/n) Death rate (%) Wild-type Mutant 6 10 10/0 100   6 10 0/10 0   12 10 0/10 0   30 10 0/10 0   60 10 6/4 60 Discussion Recent reports have shown that flagellin and other flagella-associated proteins from many bacteria participate in adhesion to host cells and colonization of hosts [26–28]. In vitro studies have suggested that the role of flagella could be to increase invasion into host cells and survival within macrophages [29, 30]. However, the correlation between flagella and pathogenicity of pathogenic Leptospira spp. had not been investigated until now. L. interrogans serogroup Icterohaemorrhagiae serovar Lai strain Lai is the most prevalent pathogenic leptospiral strain, which is responsible for over 70% of human leptospirosis cases Protein kinase N1 in China [31]. We therefore inactivated the fliY gene in L. interrogans

strain Lai using a suicide plasmid, which is a frequently adopted strategy for determining the function of a target gene. Recently, Croda and his colleagues used plasmid pB2SK to successfully construct a suicide plasmid with spectinomycin resistance for inactivating the ligB gene of L. interrogans serovar Copenhageni strain Fiocruz L1-130 [32]. In the present study we first used another plasmid, p2NIL, with an ampicillin resistance gene (bla) to construct a fliY gene knock out (fliY -) mutant. A fliY – mutant has been constructed, but that fliY inactivation by ampicillin cassette insertion also negatively affected downstream genes; therefore, care has to be taken when interpreting the phenotypes observed for this mutant. The inactivation of the fliY gene has shown different effects on formation of flagella in different bacteria. In Bacillus subtilis, the deletion of fliY resulted in the loss of flagella [33]. However, the flagella were still produced in the fliY-deleted strain of Bacillus KPT-8602 concentration cereus [34].