049) (ES �� 0 97) Figure 2 Example of raw

049) (ES �� 0.97). Figure 2 Example of raw selleck Vorinostat EMG of rectus femoris (RF), vastus lateralis (VL), and vastus medialis (VM) after different acute stretching methods (pre-static, post-static, pre-dynamic, and post-dynamic) during soccer instep kicking Figure 3 Mean �� SD changes in rectus femoris, vastus lateralis, and vastus medialis root mean square EMG during soccer instep kicking before and after static and dynamic stretching. Significant at p < 0.015, Significant at p < 0.004, Significant ... Table 2 Mean (�� SD) muscles activity, knee and ankle joints angular velocity, and foot and ball velocity descriptors of the soccer instep kicking after different acute stretching methods KAV showed a significant increase by 9.65% �� 4.92% after dynamic stretching (p = 0.002) versus a non-significant change (?1.

45% �� 4.84%) after static stretching (ES �� 0.98). Dynamic stretching (10.12% �� 5.32%) also showed greater AAV than static stretching (?3.29% �� 3.68%) (p = 0.011) (ES �� 0.96). In addition, dynamic stretching (10.77% �� 7.12%) caused significantly faster BV when compared to static stretching (?6.56% �� 3.67%) (p = 0.001) (ES �� 0.99). Discussion The main finding of this study is that, compared to static stretching, dynamic stretching of the quadriceps resulted in a higher increase of (1) VM, VL and RF muscle activation, (2) maximum knee and ankle angular velocity and (3) maximum ball velocity during an instep soccer kick. Further, dynamic stretching caused a higher increase of RF muscle activity as opposed to VM and VL muscles. The present results support previous research studies (Cramer et al.

, 2005; Marek et al., 2005) indicating that dynamic stretching increases activation of all superficial quadriceps muscles more than static stretching (Figure 3). However, in contrast to previous research studies, our results refer to a multiarticular movement, such as the soccer kick and therefore, direct comparison between the aforementioned studies is difficult. Particularly, backward and forward swinging motion of the kicking leg is mainly accompanied by a fast stretch-shortening cycle of the quadriceps (Bober et al., 1987). Along with the motion-dependent moments, the knee extensors provide the main force in order to accelerate the shank during the forward motion of the kicking leg (Kellis et al., 2006; Dorge et al., 1999).

A higher quadriceps activation and strength, coupled with a more efficient stretch-shortening cycle probably lead to a higher Anacetrapib maximal KAV (Kellis and Katis, 2007; Kellis et al., 2006) which is transmitted to the ankle and finally to the toe and increases ball speed (Asami and Nolte, 1983). Consequently, any changes observed after stretching should be related to some or all the aforementioned factors. In the present study, quadriceps muscle EMG (Figure 3) remained unaltered while angular and ball speed kinematics decreased after static stretching.

In groups D and E, which are formed of the 22 countries with the

In groups D and E, which are formed of the 22 countries with the lowest UEFA ranking, there is a low sellckchem percentage of countries with a significant home advantage (40% and 33%, respectively). Except for group C, there is a tendency towards a decline in the percentage of nations with a significant home advantage in line with the Country coefficients, which is an indicator of the level of competition. If we focus on the analysis of the top five, we can see that the first five countries (England, Spain, Germany, Italy and France) have a very similar home advantage, as their scores hardly oscillate more than 1.3 points. In other countries, the rest of the groups prove to have an important increase in their heterogeneity values, oscillating between 76.10 (Bosnia-Herzegovina) and 50.

03 (Republic of Ireland), even reaching negative values in a few countries, which means that for them there is a disadvantage of playing at home. When taking into account the influence of the level of the team, the home advantage shows a significant association as there is a positive relation between the points won by a team and home advantage (0.721). The classification of a team in its league has an inverse association with home advantage (?0.674). These results contradict the study of Morton (2006) in rugby and Jacklin (2005) as both concluded that there were no differences in home advantage and the level of the participating teams. Differences also exist between the results of this study and those of Bray (1999) in ice hockey, as he finds that home advantage is similar for all teams independent of the quality of the team.

It is necessary to highlight the fact that in ice hockey, the possibility of obtaining a draw is lower than in football. In the matches analyzed by Bray over 20 years, only 13% finished in a draw, while in the present study the percentage is 23.9% of the games analyzed. However, other studies have obtained results similar to those of this research. The analysis of the category variable coincides with the conclusions of Pollard (1986), as in both studies, the lower the team��s category, the higher the home advantage. This finding could be explained by the fact that teams in lower categories suffer difficulties such as uncomfortable journeys, players having to work or study, lower level of the players in these leagues, or other factors like local pressures.

The same conclusion was obtained by S��nchez et al. (2009), who compared home advantage in the two highest categories of Spanish soccer and concluded that home advantage was higher in the first category competition. Batimastat Finally, similar associations were found by Guti��rrez et al. (2012) in Spanish handball. Conclusions Fifty-two of the fifty-three countries that make up the UEFA territory have league competitions. Only in 32 of them there was a significant home advantage in league competitions at the highest level.

Written informed consent was received from all participants and p

Written informed consent was received from all participants and parents after detailed explanation about kinase inhibitor Cisplatin the aims, benefits, and risks involved with this investigation. Participants with self-reported history of neurological or musculoskeletal conditions affecting the balance control system were excluded from the study. Prior to testing, all participants completed a physical activity questionnaire (PAQ-C) to assess their basic activity level. Body height was measured and recorded in cm to the nearest mm. Body mass was measured to the nearest 0.1 kg with an electronic weight scale with the participant in shorts and T-shirt. BMI was calculated for each participant. The experimental session comprised of nine balance trials, three trials each of three sensory conditions, with each trial lasting 30 seconds in order to have reliable postural sway measures (Le Clair and Riach, 1996).

According to the findings of Geldhof et al. (2006) who used similar methods to the present study, the composite inter-test reliability of three trials has an ICC of 0.77. The sequence of the conditions was randomised with a one-minute rest period between conditions to avoid learning or fatigue effects. Participants were asked to stand barefoot quietly, with each foot on a separate force platform (1Hz, Models 4060-08 and 6090, Bertec Corporation, Columbus, OH, USA) embedded in the ground. Participants used a safety harness to prevent them from injury in case of an irrecoverable balance loss. The harness has proven to be safe without impeding natural quiet standing (Freitas et al., 2005).

The children stood with feet shoulder-width apart and arms hanging loosely at their sides for each trial. During the CONTROL and EOCS conditions, children were standing and gazed straight ahead at a 3 m far target. However, they were not required to fix their gaze on any particular spot. For the latter condition, a 10 cm thick layer of foam was placed on top of each force platform to interfere with somatosensory information from the feet and ankles. The COP and torque on the force platform were calculated from the force and moment components of the force platform data. The displacement of COP is the reaction to body dynamics (Winter, 1995) and follows the neuromuscular control signal to maintain the position the COM within the BOS and achieve equilibrium (Riley et al., 1990).

To obtain a quantitative description of standing ability, the following COP parameters were computed. COP path velocity (COP-PV): the average distance travelled by the COP per second. COP-PV is assumed to decrease with better balance performance. GSK-3 COP radial displacement (COP-RD): the mean radial distance of the COP from the centroid of the COP path over the entire trial. COP-RD data were normalized by expressing the results relative to the height of the participant. COP-RD is presumed to decrease with better balance performance.

Figure 1 Clinical appearance of the same lesion The overlying mu

Figure 1 Clinical appearance of the same lesion. The overlying mucosa www.selleckchem.com/products/Cisplatin.html was normal and there was not any sign or symptom. To categorize the canal system in MBR (mesiobuccal root) mesio-distal and bucco-palatal radiographs were obtained. The size 0.8 files were placed into the main mesiobuccal and second mesiobuccal canal. The teeth with no access to the apex were eliminated. Before photographing of pulp chambers millimetric glass scale was placed in order to make measurements to characterize the geometrical location of MB2 canals. The main mesiobuccal, palatal and MB2 canal orifices were marked on the millimetric glass scale. The main mesiobuccal canal and the palatal orifices were connected through a line MB-P and in addition to this line a perpendicular line was drawn from the MB2 canal orifice to the M-P line.

The main mesiobuccal canal was accepted as the origin and the vertical distance from MB2 to MB-P line was measured, as described by G?rduysus et al16 (Figure 2). The images were analyzed by Image-Proplus 4.0 software to measure the relationship between MB2 canal and other canals. Figure 2 On the millimetric glass scale, measurements were made to characterize the geometrical location of MB2 canals. MB: mesiobuccal canal orifice, MB2: second mesiobuccal canal orifice, P: palatal canal orifice. RESULTS The second mesiobuccal canal was found in 78% of the 110 maxillary molars and in 17 (19.8%) of these MB2 canals it was accessible to the apex. The teeth with no access to the apex were discarded and of the remaining 17, 3 (17.6%) had a Vertucci Type IV and 14 (82.

4%) were Vertucci Type II canal system. With the unaided vision 58 MB2 canal orifices and after evaluation with the dental loup an additional 17 MB2 canal orifices were detected. 68% of MB2 canals were located by using methods and 11 additional MB2 canals were identified with the use of the DOM (Figure 1). In 65 (75.6%) molars the MB2 canal orifices was located 0.87 mm distally and 1.73 mm palatally to the main mesiobuccal canal and in the remaining 21 (24.4%) molars was 0.72 mm mesially and 1.86 mm palatally as represented in the Figure 3. Figure 3 The location of MB2 canal orifices to the main mesiobuccal canal. The triangle drawn with the red color shows the standard endodontic access cavity and the rhomboidal shape drawn with the green color shows alternative endodontic access cavity.

DISCUSSION In the present study it was found that 78.18% of maxillary first molar possessed a second mesiobuccal canal. This is consistent with the findings of Burhley et al17 but higher than that reported by Sempira Entinostat and Hartwell.6 In the study of Sempira and Hartwell6 the second mesiobuccal canal had to be negotiated and obturated either separate from MB or within 4 mm of the apex. If two separate orifices blended into a single canal coronally during instrumentation, it was not considered to be a separate canal.