79, 95% CI 1.11-7.02, P = 0.03], was a positive independent predictor, whereas HLA-A mismatch (0.18, 0.03-0.91, P = 0.04) was a negative predictor. HLA-DR mismatches did not affect OT. The Treg frequency was significantly decreased in Gr-intol (4.9%) compared with Gr-tol (7.6%) (P = 0.003). There were increased

Dinaciclib nmr levels of tacrolimus in the first week in Gr-Tol (P = 0.02). Although HLA-B mismatch (8.73, 1.09-70.0, P = 0.04) was a positive independent predictor of OT, its clinical significance remains doubtful. In this large cohort of pediatric LDLT recipients, absence of early rejection, HLA-A match and the later predominance of Tregs are factors associated with OT.”
“Ultra low energy ion implantation is a promising technique for the wafer-scale fabrication of Silver nanoparticle planar arrays embedded in thermal silica on silicon substrate. The stability versus time of these nanoparticles is studied at ambient conditions on a time scale of months. The plasmonic signature of Ag NPs vanishes several months after

implantation for as-implanted samples, while CCI-779 price samples annealed at intermediate temperature under N(2) remain stable. XPS and HREM analysis evidence the presence of Silver oxide nanoparticles on aged samples and pure Silver nanoparticles on the annealed ones. This thermal treatment does not modify the size-distribution or position of the particles but is very efficient in stabilizing the metallic particles and to prevent any form of oxidation. (C) 2011 American Institute of Physics. [doi:10.1063/1.3592254]“
“Background: Little is known about the long-term health consequences of following the 2005 Dietary Guidelines for Americans (DGA; Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office, 2005).

Objective:

The objective was to examine the longitudinal association between diets consistent with the 2005 DGA and subsequent weight gain.

Design: We used data from the Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults (CARDIA) Study, a cohort of black and white men and women aged 18-30 y at baseline who attended <= 7 examinations from 1985-1986 to 2005-2006 (n = 4913). We created a 100-point https://www.sellecn.cn/products/pi3k-hdac-inhibitor-i.html Diet Quality Index (2005 DQI) to rate participants’ diets based on meeting the 2005 DGA key recommendations. Longitudinal models of weight gain were adjusted for physical activity, smoking, energy intake, age, education, sex, and initial body mass index (BMI) and included interaction terms of DQI by race and initial BMI (if statistically significant).

Results: We found effect modification by race (likelihood ratio test, P < 0.03 in all models). The mean adjusted 20-y weight change was +19.4 kg for blacks and +11.2 kg for whites with high diet quality (DQI >70) and +17.8 for blacks and +13.9 for whites with a DQI <50 (P < 0.05). In race-specific Cox models (with interaction terms for DQI x initial BMI, P < 0.

Between April 2009 and June 2011, 28 obese patients who completed a full course of BIB treatment were enrolled. There are 16 patients with BMI < 32 and 12 with BMI a parts per thousand 32. Patients who lost more than 20 % of excess weight (% EWL) were categorized

as responders.

The BMI significantly fell from 32.4 +/- 3.7 to 28.5 +/- 3.7 kg/m(2) (P < 0.01) at the time of BIB removal. All biochemical measurements except for cholesterol level were significantly NVP-HSP990 improved. The median value of %EWL of all patients at BIB removal was 40.1, and 20 patients (71.4 %) were responders. Adherence to dietitian counseling was significantly better in responders than in non-responders (85 vs. 25 %, respectively; P < 0.01). The percentage of responders at 1 year after BIB removal was significantly higher among patients with BMI < 32 than those with see more a parts per thousand 32 (62.5 vs. 16.7 %, respectively; P = 0.02).

BIB placement can achieve significant weight loss and improvement of co-morbidities in obese patients. Better adherence to dietitian

counseling is associated with better response. Patients with BMI < 32 maintain better weight loss at 1 year after BIB removal.”
“To work out a test system for studying the inhibition of isoprenoid biosynthesis through non-mevalonate pathway, the conversion of 2-C-14-methylerythritol 2,4-cyclodiphosphate Selleckchem PF-04929113 (C-14-MEC) into isoprenoids of three bacteria species and into plastids of 11 higher plant species was studied. The highest efficiency (up to 63%) of the process was observed with chromoplasts from narcissus (Narcissus pseudonarcissus L.) and celandine (Chelidonium majus L.). Twenty five percent of added C-14-MEC was recovered in an isoprenoid fraction of red pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) chromoplasts. Thus, these three models can be used to test antibiotic inhibitors of isoprenoid biosynthesis.”
“Monitoring is crucial to assure safety during difficult airway management. Several reports have indicated

that the most of the adverse outcomes associated with difficult airway management could have been avoided with the use of necessary monitors, such as a pulse oximeter and a capnometer. Nevertheless, airway complications continue to be major problems during anesthesia, in particular, in patients with difficult airways. In this brief review, I stress the role of monitoring in detecting inadvertent esophageal intubation, during sedation for awake tracheal intubation, during general anesthesia, and during emergence from anesthesia, in patients with difficult airways.”
“Eating disorders are a group of conditions characterised by abnormal eating habits. Greater than 50 % of patients with eating disorders have an ‘eating disorder not otherwise specified’ (EDNOS).

Prevalence of all UI was 26.7% in late pregnancy, 9.5% at 6 weeks postpartum, and 6.8% at 6 months postpartum. Most cases were stress urinary incontinence (18.6%, 6.9%, and 5.0%, at the respectively times).

Rates of UI in primiparous women in China are consistent with those reported elsewhere. Rural location, frequent exercise,

and birth-related injuries are risk factors for UI at 6 months postpartum.”
“Assessment of total laryngectomy patients has always been problematic and controversial. This is particularly so when one wants to assess and characterize the mucosal wave using the existing modalities of assessment. Videostroboscopy is generally regarded as an easily available and selleck kinase inhibitor clinically relevant technique for adequately

assessing this important parameter. However, it has its limitations, especially in laryngectomees. Recently, high-speed imaging has been recommended as the ideal tool for studying the physiology and mucosal parameters in this set of patients. In this brief Entrectinib nmr article we examine this debate on the best modality for assessment of the total laryngectomy patient.”
“The diagnosis of Charcot arthropathy in the knee is rare. However, there is an increasing number of diabetic patients, and they are living longer due to improvements in treatment. Because neuropathic arthropathy is a late effect of peripheral neuropathy, we can expect an increasing incidence of neuropathic arthropathy. Pictilisib in vivo Total knee arthroplasty is the preferred choice of treatment by patients, although it may also be associated with a high incidence of serious complications. This case report presents a young

female with diabetes mellitus and Charcot arthropathy of the knee managed by total knee arthroplasty and a literature review. The report encompasses a 5-year follow-up of the patient, from the first contact after knee distortion through diagnosis of Charcot arthropathy and the performance of total knee arthroplasty with outpatient controls. The diagnosis was established on the basis of the rapid destruction of the medial tibial condyle after knee distortion in a patient with neuropathy. Neuropathic arthropathy was confirmed by histology. The patient refused knee fusion and total knee arthroplasty was performed. The patient quickly achieved a painless, stable knee with a 130-degree range of motion. However, a radiolucent line appeared under the tibial component due to premature weight-bearing. The patient was ordered to refrain from weight-bearing for the next 3 months, and the knee was healed. While the management of Charcot arthropathy in the knee remains controversial, total knee arthroplasty is not a contraindication. Early diagnosis, appropriate choice of implant and operative technique, and long-term weight protection are essential.

Patient files were reviewed retrospectively. All patients were recalled for physical (forearm length and volume) and ultrasonographic examinations (forearm blood

flow) in 2005 and for ultrasonographic examinations (reconstructed vascular area) in 2011, with a final mean follow-up time of 14.0 years selleckchem (range 6.8-20.9 years).

Results: Twelve patients, 10 of whom had undergone growth measurements in 2005, were available for the latter examination. All were doing well, with patent vascular reconstructions. Seven reconstructed brachial arteries were enlarged, two of which with intramural calcifications, four did not show abnormalities and one presented with 45% thinning. There were no differences between affected and healthy forearms concerning volume, length and blood flow.

Conclusions: Our data emphasise that surgical reconstruction is effective in terms of blood supply and growth. In cases with interposition GPCR Compound Library in vitro of greater saphenous vein or venous patch plasty, we found a high risk for development of enlargements. We suggest that these patients be followed

periodically, with ultrasound studies, to detect aneurysms and/or thrombotic changes as early as possible. (C) 2011 European Society for Vascular Surgery. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“BackgroundRed blood cells (RBCs) are routinely https://www.sellecn.cn/products/ag-881.html stored in liquid state at temperatures below 6 degrees C, and RBC unit core temperature should not exceed 10 degrees C during transport. Since the critical temperature of 10 degrees C was chosen mostly arbitrarily, this study investigated the effect of both constant temperature

settings as well as multiple rewarming cycles on stored RBCs with respect to morphology, biochemical parameters and haemolysis.

Materials and MethodsBuffy coat-depleted filtered RBCs were used as standard products. RBCs were stored at 1-6 degrees C (reference group, n=12), 13 and 22 degrees C (test groups, n=12 each) or stored at 1-6 degrees C and warmed up five times to 10, 13, or 22 degrees C for a period of 24h each. Various biochemical parameters were measured weekly. RBCs were further investigated using electron microscopy.

ResultsRed blood cells stored constantly at 13 or 22 degrees C showed stable haemolysis rates until day 28 and day 14, respectively. RBCs stored at 1-6 degrees C with five warming-up periods to 10, 13 or 22 degrees C each lasting 24h (total 120h) did not exceed the limit of the haemolysis rate at the end of storage. Differently shaped erythrocytes were found in all samples, but more crenate erythrocytes appeared after 42days of storage independent of temperature profiles.

Studying the IS6110 RFLP patterns indicated that the 44 isolates did not cluster together but were generally scattered. None of the 14 MDR isolates were clustered. Twenty-two different spoligotypes were identified among the 44 MTB isolates, of which 13 were unique. The remaining 31 isolates were grouped into nine clusters Copanlisib purchase of strains sharing identical spoligotypes.

Conclusions: We have demonstrated evidence of diversity among the drug-susceptible and resistant MTB strains. Continued surveillance for strains of MTB involved in pulmonary tuberculosis in Egypt, and especially for drug-resistant strains, is warranted. (C) 2008 International Society for Infectious Diseases.

Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“Thigh infection associated with local emphysematous signs on presentation to the emergency room should alert the medical staff at once of potential complication associated with it. The infection may be associated with underlying bowel pathology and has a high mortality

rate. Hence, emergency treatment should be instituted. We discuss a case with this uncommon presentation, treatment administered and relevant literature.”
“Objective: To characterize the types of drug and dietary supplement inquiries submitted to the National Center for Drug Free Sport through the Resource Exchange Center (REC).

Design: Cross-sectional study.

Setting: Selumetinib cost United States, from July 2009 through June 2010.

Participants: Athletes and athletic personnel associated with the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA).

Intervention: Tabulation and classification of drugs and dietary supplement inquiries.

Main outcome measure: Characteristics and trends of drug and dietary supplement inquiries.

Results: Inquiries for prescription medications for albuterol inhalers, methylphenidate, amphetamines, and prednisone were the most common using a drug lookup function. The most common inquiries for over-the-counter medications included pseudoephedrine,

loratadine, cetirizine, and caffeine. Among dietary supplements, inquiries for amino acids/metabolites, vitamins Selleckchem PHA-848125 and minerals, and herbal products occurred most frequently. One dietary supplement, N.O.-Xplode (Bio-Engineered Supplements and Nutrition, Inc.), accounted for the majority of individual dietary supplement inquiries. Banned substances accounted for 30% of all inquiries submitted to the REC and 18% of medications searched in a drug lookup database.

Conclusion: Almost 25,000 inquiries were submitted to the REC. Pharmacists can use this information to advise, counsel, and refer NCAA athletes regarding the use of banned and permitted substances. Education programs regarding stimulants, dietary supplements, and the risk of using substances such as animal byproducts are needed, and pharmacists can participate in these programs.

ConclusionSmoking cessation does not appear to be associated

with a substantial short-term increase or decrease in health-care use after adjusting for pre-cessation Selumetinib datasheet morbidities.”
“Objective: Analyses comparing randomized to nonrandomized clinical trials suffer from the fact that the study populations are usually different. We aimed for a comparison of randomized clinical trials (RCTs) and propensity score (PS) analyses in similar populations.

Study Design and Setting: In a systematic review, we “”meta-matched”" RCTs and PS analyses that compared the off- and the on-pump technique in coronary artery bypass grafting. “”Meta-confounders”" were summarized in a “”meta-propensity score”" and were used for “”meta-matching.”" We compared treatment effects between SYN-117 in vivo RCTs and PS analyses for 10 previously defined binary clinical outcomes in this “”meta-matched”" population as differences in “”meta-odds ratios.”"

Results: For all clinical outcomes, the estimated differences in “”meta-odds ratios”" were below an absolute value of 0.15, all confidence intervals included the null.

Conclusions: In our example, treatment effects of off-pump versus on-pump surgery from RCTs and PS analyses were very similar in a “”meta-matched”" population of studies, indicating

that only a small remaining bias is present in PS analyses. (C) 2011 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.”
“Pseudo-aneurysms involving the coeliac artery caused by tuberculosis infection are extremely rare and are highly susceptible to rupture.(1) It’s difficult to make the correctly diagnosis preoperative and select reconstructive procedures. We report a case of tuberculous pseudo-aneurysm in the abdominal aorta involving the coeliac artery. The active phase of the tuberculous makes it impossible to perform open surgery, so endovascular percutaneous treatment was performed, inflow to the pseudo-aneurysm was excluded by Selleck AICAR placing a custom-made stent graft at the coeliac artery orifice. The patient recovered very well and was prescribed anti-tuberculosis treatment for up to 6 months.

Endovascular repair for tuberculous pseudo-aneurysm may be a life-saving option, covering the coeliac artery with stent graft is considered safe and suitable. (C) 2010 European Society for Vascular Surgery. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“Objectives: Ischemic postconditioning (PC) with “”stuttering”" reintroduction of blood flow after prolonged ischemia has been shown to offer protection from ischemia reperfusion injury to the myocardium and brain. We hypothesized that four 20-s pauses during the first 3 min of standard CPR would improve post resuscitation cardiac and neurological function, in a porcine model of prolonged untreated cardiac arrest.

Methods: 18 female farm pigs, intubated and isoflurane anesthetized had 15 min of untreated ventricular fibrillation followed by standard CPR (SCPR).

Immunohistochemically, tumor nests stained positive for synaptophysin, chromogranin, N-CAM (CD56), and neuron-specific enolase. Strong positivity was seen for K14 and K17 in the squamous component and for K7 in the neuroendocrine component. Both components showed K19 staining. buy JNJ-26481585 Cells with squamous differentiation and K14 staining occasionally expressed p63. The patient showed no evidence of disease as of 23 months postoperatively. Given the aggressive characteristics of neuroendocrine

carcinoma, strict follow-up has been performed. (Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 2010; 109: e34-e39)”
“Prehypertension is considered to be associated with increased cardiovascular disease (CVD), and some data suggest that insulin resistance is common in this group. The goal of this study was to quantify insulin action by determining the steady-state plasma glucose (SSPG) concentration during STA-9090 the insulin suppression test in apparently healthy individuals

with prehypertension (n=126) and to elucidate the relationship between insulin action and CVD risk. We found a marked heterogeneity in insulin sensitivity in the prehypertension group, and when we divided the population into insulin-sensitive, insulin-resistant and intermediate groups, there were significant (p<0.01) increases in plasma glucose and triglyceride concentrations and decreases in high-density lipoprotein cholesterol concentrations with progressive degrees of insulin resistance. These data show that at least one-third of patients with prehypertension are insulin resistant, display the accompanying metabolic abnormalities, and merit enhanced surveillance and intensive efforts at therapeutic intervention to prevent CVD.”
“Langerhans cell histiocytosis (LCH) most commonly occurs as a localized solitary

bone lesion and appears predominantly in pediatric patients. LCH is characterized by the proliferation and accumulation of Langerhans cells which may cause pain and adjacent soft-tissue swelling. SNS-032 This disease is of clinical importance to dental professionals because LCH commonly involves the oral and maxillofacial region and early symptoms can be manifested in the jaw and, when overlooked, may result in extensive destruction of the involved structures. Considering the fact that this is a relatively rare entity, close investigation of the cases that are encountered are warranted. Herein we report a case of LCH occurring in the left condyle of an 11-year-old boy that initially showed clinical symptoms mimicking an abscess of the temporomandibular joint. The clinical and radiographic features, differential diagnosis, treatment, and long-term follow-up of this patient with indomethacin are presented. (Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 2010; 109: e13-e21)”
“Background: Altered serotonergic neural transmission is hypothesized to be a susceptibility factor for psychotic disorders such as schizophrenia.

It decreases with increasing atomic ionization energy. For the case of Cs-deposition, the 2D electron density and mobility are studied over a wide coverage range. A clear increase in electron mobility appears above half monolayer coverage. For a surface covered with a submonolayer of Fe, hysteresis in the magnetoresistance is observed. It is associated with spin-glass ordering in the Fe film. (C) 2011 American Institute of Physics. [doi :10.1063/1.3578263]“
“During the screening of anti-influenza virus substances from traditional herbal medicines, BVD-523 order the methanol extract from the leaves of Pogostemon cablin Benth. showed potent in vitro antiviral activity (99.8% inhibition

at a concentration of 10 mu g/mL) against influenza virus A/PR/8/34 (H1N1). The anti-influenza virus principle was isolated Baf-A1 cost from the hexane-soluble fraction, through solvent fractionation, repeated silica gel column chromatography, and reversed-phase HPLC. The major active principle

was a volatile substance that was identified as a sesquiterpene, patchouli alcohol (1), on the basis of its spectral analyses. When anti-influenza virus activity against A/PR/8/34 was evaluated by the plaque forming assay, patchouli alcohol reduced the number of plaques by 75% at 2 mu g/mL and 89% at 10 mu g/mL. Patchouli alcohol showed dose-dependent anti-influenza virus activity, and its IC(50) value was estimated to be 2.635 mu M. Although 11 different sesquiterpenes were tested for antiviral activity against influenza virus A/PR/8/34, no or negligible activity was observed except for patchouli alcohol. Patchouli alcohol did not show anti-influenza virus activity against A/Guizhou/54/89

(H3N2), but showed weak activity against B/Ibaraki/2/85 (IC(50) = 40.82 mu M). Patchouli alcohol did not show inhibitory activity against influenza virus neuraminidase.”
“Aims: HIF cancer Intensity-modulated radiotherapy (IMRT) is a development of three-dimensional conformal radiotherapy that offers improvements in dosimetry in many clinical scenarios. Here we review the clinical evidence for IMRT and present ongoing or unpublished randomised controlled trials (RCTs).

Methods: We identified randomised and non-randomised comparative studies of IMRT and conventional radiotherapy using MEDLINE, hand-searching Radiotherapy and Oncology and the International Journal of Radiation Oncology, Biology and Physics and the proceedings of the American Society for Therapeutic Radiology and Oncology and the European Society for Therapeutic Radiology and Oncology annual meetings. The metaRegister of Controlled Trials was searched to identify completed-unpublished, ongoing and planned RCTs.

Results: Sixty-one studies comparing IMRT and conventional radiotherapy were identified.

Thirty-five patients with biopsy-proved prostate cancer were examined with a dynamic contrast material-enhanced inversion-prepared dual-contrast gradient-echo sequence (temporal resolution, 1.65 seconds) at 1.5 T to calculate blood volume, interstitial volume, and blood flow.

These parameters were correlated with MVD, MVA, and MIA in 95 areas (prostate cancer, n = 36; chronic PD173074 in vivo prostatitis, n = 27; normal prostate tissue, n = 32). For each MR area, five 1-mm(2) squares (original magnification, x 100) of the matching histologic area were analyzed. The Wilcoxon signed-rank test was used for statistical analysis.

Results: Blood volume correlated poorly with MVD (Spearman correlation coefficient, 0.252; P = .014) but did not correlate at all with MVA ( P = .759). Interstitial volume did not correlate with MIA ( P = .507). Blood volume differed between patients with prostate cancer and those selleck chemicals llc with a normal prostate (1.49% vs 0.84%, respectively; P < .001).

Interstitial volume differed between patients with chronic prostatitis and those with a normal prostate ( 39.00% vs 22.59%, respectively; P = .022). Blood flow differed between patients with prostate cancer and those with a normal prostate (0.97 mL/[cm(3) . min(-1)] vs 0.34 mL/[cm(3) . min(-1)], respectively; P < .001), between patients with prostate cancer and those with chronic prostatitis ( 0.97 mL/[cm(3) . min(-1)] vs 0.60 mL/[cm(3) . min(-1)], respectively; P = .026), and between patients with chronic prostatitis and those with a normal prostate ( 0.60 mL/[cm(3) . min(-1)] vs 0.34 mL/[cm(3) . min(-1)], respectively; P = .023).

Conclusion: Blood volume and interstitial

volume did not reliably correlate buy LY3023414 with the histologic parameters. Only blood flow enabled differentation of prostate cancer, chronic prostatitis, and normal prostate tissue.”
“Major levator ani abnormalities (LAA) may lead to abnormal pelvic floor muscle contraction (pfmC) and secondarily to stress urinary incontinence (SUI), prolapse, or fecal incontinence (FI).

A retrospective observational study included 352 symptomatic patients to determine prevalence of LAA in underactive pfmC and the relationship with symptoms. On 2D/3D transperineal ultrasound, PfmC was subjectively assessed as underactive (UpfmC) or normal (NpfmC) and quantified. LAA, defined as a complete avulsion of the pubic bone, was analyzed using tomographic ultrasound imaging.

LAA were found in 53.8% of women with UpfmC versus 16.1% in NpfmC (P < 0.001). Patients with UpfmC were less likely to reduce hiatal area on pfmC (mean 7% reduction vs 25% in NpfmC (P < 0.001)). An UpfmC was associated with FI (P = 0.002), not with SUI or prolapse of the anterior and central compartment.

An underactive pfmC is associated with increased prevalence of LAA and FI.

The size of the microcapsule is influenced by the concentration of protecting colloid and property of acrylic polyurethane diisocyanate. When concentration of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) is 5% and molar ratio of TDI and acrylic ethoxylated pentaerythritol (acrylic PP50) rises to 1.50, average diameter of the microcapsule is only 3.3223 mu m. Delivery of 4-hydroxy-4′-isopropoxydiphenylsulfone (D-8) encap-suled by PUA microcapsule in solution can be prevented effectively by 30-min UV irradiation. Lightness (L*) is used to measure color changes of reaction between D-8 https://www.selleckchem.com/products/XL880(GSK1363089,EXEL-2880).html in PUA microcapsule and 2-amino-6-dibutylamino-3-methylfluoran (ODB-2)

under thermal treatment. In dry state, irradiated PUA microcapsules are much harder to release D-8 than those not irradiated. (C) 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 113: 1008-1016, 2009″
“Plumbago zeylanica produces cytoplasmically dimorphic sperm cells that target the egg and central cell during fertilization. PRN1371 order In mature pollen, the larger sperm cell contains numerous mitochondria, is associated with the vegetative nucleus (S(vn)), and fuses preferentially with the central cell, forming endosperm. The other, plastid-enriched sperm cell (S(ua)) fuses with the egg cell, forming the zygote and embryo. Sperm expressed genes were investigated using ESTs produced from each sperm type; differential expression was validated through suppression

subtractive hybridization, custom microarrays, real-time RT-PCR and in situ hybridization. The expression profiles of dimorphic sperm cells reflect a diverse and broad complement of genes, including high proportions of conserved and unknown genes, as well as distinct

patterns of expression. A number of genes were highly up-regulated in the male Ricolinostat germ line, including some genes that were differentially expressed in either the S(ua) or the S(vn). Differentially up-regulated genes in the egg-targeted S(ua) showed increased expression in transcription and translation categories, whereas the central cell-targeted S(vn) displayed expanded expression in the hormone biosynthesis category. Interestingly, the up-regulated genes expressed in the sperm cells appeared to reflect the expected post-fusion profiles of the future embryo and endosperm. As sperm cytoplasm is known to be transmitted during fertilization in this plant, sperm-contributed mRNAs are probably transported during fertilization, which could influence early embryo and endosperm development.”
“A novel mathematical model is presented for the reaction between melamine (M) and formaldehyde (F) at pH = 9.0 and at temperatures between 38 and 90 degrees C. It is based on a kinetic scheme that includes reversible methylolations, irreversible formation of (unsubstituted) methylene bridges, reversible formation of (unsubstituted) ether bridges, instantaneous dissolution of M, and instantaneous equilibrium for the hydration/dehydration of F.