Moreover, molecular biology studies evaluating the levels of these markers and their expression kinetics in these lesions are necessary not only to demonstrate the presence of these proteins but also to quantify the transcripts in each lesion. Further studies are also needed to investigate whether the OPG/RANKL/RANK system is involved in the development of cystic lesions in order to better understand the underlying mechanism and to establish new therapeutic strategies for the treatment of these lesions that are often highly destructive. “
“Candida species are commensal microorganisms with a presence that ranges from 20% to 50% of the microorganisms in the oral cavity of the healthy

dentate population. 1 However, under predisposing conditions, Candida spp. can behave as an opportunistic pathogen causing a variety of infections ranging from mucosal lesions to severe systemic dissemination. 2 and 3 17-AAG concentration Amongst these infections, Candida-associated Sirolimus concentration denture stomatitis is a common disease that is observed in approximately 45.3% of acrylic denture wearers, 4 with Candida albicans being the predominant isolate in these conditions.

4 and 5 However, Candida glabrata has frequently been isolated from the acrylic surface and the palatal mucosa, and represents the second most prevalent fungal pathogen in the oral cavity. 4 and 5 Fluconazole (FLZ) has been the preferred antifungal agent for the treatment of mucosal and systemic Candida spp. infections. 6 The widespread use of FLZ to treat Candida infections can be attributed to its high bioavailability, low hepatotoxicity,

reduced cost and the possibility Liothyronine Sodium of being administrated orally or intravenously. 6 However, acquisition of resistance to azole compounds has been recorded with several organisms, in particular C. albicans. 7 Acquired resistance to antifungal agents has been one of the major problems, as the treatment can lead to selection of microorganisms, favouring infections caused by non-albicans Candida species. 8 and 9 In particular infections caused by C. glabrata, which is naturally more resistant to antifungal treatment, is strongly associated with generalised systemic infections with high mortality rates. 9 and 10 Although some studies have been conducted evaluating the effect of FLZ on Candida biofilms or as planktonic cells, 11, 12, 13 and 14 these studies were conducted using FLZ after biofilm growth. 12 and 13 However, there have been no previous studies that have simulated the clinical conditions in which Candida biofilms were allowed to grow on denture surfaces whilst the patients were undergoing FLZ therapy, a condition that could lead to Candida spp. developing resistance to FLZ. Thus, the aim of the present study was to evaluate whether FLZ could affect the bioactivity and cellular structure of C. albicans or C.

8 °C one individual of six (17%) did not survive CX-5461 ic50 past 9 h, at Ta = 39.7 °C three of four wasps (75%) died within 9–12.5 h. At Ta = 42.4 °C all four individuals (100%) died within 1.7 to 2.5 h. In Fig. 4 the percentage of mortality at the tested Ta is indicated. Fig. 5 displays the CO2 production and the thoracic temperature excess (Tth − Tab) of a wasp that did not survive the experiment. After cease of cyclic respiration the individual showed a characteristic pattern of CO2 release. This was accompanied by a distinct endothermic phase. The thermograms show that it was induced by thoracic heating activity. In these experiments solely V. vulgaris foragers were investigated. Fig. 6 shows a representative

thermolimit experiment. With increasing temperature the wasps were more agitated, they ran around looking for an exit from the measurement chamber, gnawed

into the chamber’s fittings and showed self-grooming as well as cooling behavior. Coordinated bodily activity ceased with mortal fall ( Fig. 6, stage 4). The averaged values of mortal fall provided the knockdown temperature ( Klok et al., 2004 and Stevens et al., 2010) or activity CTmax of 44.9 °C ( Table 1). However, spasms as well as occasional abdominal movements (which might evade automated activity detection because of diminutive appearance) could be observed in the IR recordings of some individuals until the postmortal peak. CO2 production followed the stages of response to rising ambient temperature first described by Lighton and Turner (2004) (Fig. 6). The respiratory CTmax was determined via the inflection point of the rADS residual values 10 min before and after the mortal fall.

Averaged values were considered GSK-3 beta phosphorylation as the respiratory CTmax amounting to 45.3 °C. Activity CTmax and respiratory CTmax did not differ significantly (P = 0.357507, t-test, Table 1). For comparison, we determined both the activity and also the respiratory Selleckchem Gemcitabine CTmax in honeybee foragers (A. mellifera carnica). Their activity CTmax of 49.0 °C was nearly identical with their respiratory CTmax of 48.9 °C (P = 0.899966, t-test, Table 1). The honeybees’ activity CTmax was 4.1 °C and their respiratory CTmax was 3.6 °C higher than that of the wasps. Values differed significantly between both species (P < 0.001, t-test, see Table 1). Vespula showed a characteristic CO2 release pattern before the postmortal valley ( Fig. 6A, dotted arrow) which could not be found in other hymenopteran CO2 curves evaluated from thermolimit respirometry (e.g. A. mellifera, Käfer et al., 2011; Pogonomyrmex rugosus, Lighton and Turner, 2004). Fig. 6B also shows the typical thermal reaction (Tth–Tab) of the same wasp, following failure of respiration at the respiratory CTmax. The postmortal peak of CO2 release was accompanied by a heating bout in the thorax (compare also Fig. 5). The mean increase of the thoracic temperature excess over the abdomen at the peak of this bout was as high as 2.5 °C (SD = 0.7 °C, n = 8, maximum = 3.6 °C).

The analytical process commences with (translation) transcription and familiarisation (Table 1). This is followed by an initial indexing of key-features inside the

text which reflect the status (the fit) of data-labels [82: 277]. Key themes are then sought among the data-labels, representative of ‘conceptually similar responses or opinions’ [52]. Finally, these themes are developed into typologies or heuristic categories selleck chemical [45] recurrent across the qualitative material. (i) Transcript Type: Interview transcripts are labelled to indicate respondent occupational experiences inside or prior to commercial SSF ( Table 2). Some interviews indicate a total absence of non-fishing occupational experience and these responses 5-FU purchase are indexed as Type A. Other texts reveal that SSF have worked extensively in non-fishing employment;

these are indexed as Type B. Table 2. Key features (data labels) identified during initial indexing of transcripts. The respondents in Cabuno camp originate from eight West African states (Guinea-Bissau, Guinea-Conakry, Ghana, Liberia, Mali, Nigeria, Sierra Leone, Senegal) and are affiliated with seventeen ethnic groups (Baga, Biafara, Bijago, Bullom, Enugu, Fante, Felupe, Fula, Loko, Mandingo, Ollof, Sere, Sherbro, Songwe, Sousou, Temne and Sylla). Their birth places are commonly near-coastal, but also include the highlands of Guinea-Conakry and the Timbuktu desert. All are Muslim, with one exception.

Most fishers recount previous attendance at a State-run school; most traders recall Arabic (Koranic) taught classes only. From the six main data labels (transcript type, work at entry into fishing, place and timing of entry, contact and reason for entry) emerge three key themes, around which the life history texts are ultimately framed. Individuals describe entry into commercial SSF from a diversity of occupational backgrounds. Various jobs are described in the interviews associated with the primary (farming, herding, foresting, hunting, mining), secondary (construction work) and tertiary or service-sectors (boat and taxi transport operations; carpentry, car washing, dish washing, mechanics, Farnesyltransferase non-fish trade; airport baggage handling, photography, tailoring, traditional medicine shamanism and welding). Only one individual makes reference to industrial-scale employment as providing an entry into SSF and most employment pathways commence within non-fishing occupations. Many interviews recount ‘falling’ or being pushed into fishing on account of poor familial health, death or bad-luck. For most however, episodes of post-colonial political disturbance, civil unrest and violence caused severe livelihood disruption to choices and opportunities.

74, P < .0008 for interleukin-6, 0.60, P = .002 for COX2, 0.67, P = .0065 for VEGFA, and 0.82, P = .032 for CCL2, respectively). Up-regulation

of c-Myc expression has been reported to occur in a majority of ccRCC cases [42] and [43], although amplification of the MYC gene is only found in a small subset of cases  [42] and [44] leading to the assumption that c-Myc is activated by other mechanisms in addition to amplification. We observed strong c-Myc down-regulation on YAP knockdown in MZ1774 cells. c-Myc knockdown by siRNA in ccRCC cell lines leads to a phenotype that resembles that of YAP knockdown with marked inhibition of proliferation and anchorage-independent growth [42]. c-Myc expression is stimulated by EDN1 through MAPK signaling in neoplastic cells [45] and [46], and our data show inhibition of the MAPK

selleck compound library signaling pathway along with EDN1 and concomitant c-Myc down-regulation on YAP knockdown in MZ1774 and A498 cells, whereas mRNA expression levels of these genes were not C59 wnt research buy affected in ACHN cells, indicating that c-Myc might additionally be an indirect target of YAP, downstream of EDN1 in ccRCC. However, the MYC-promoter region features GT-IIC consensus sequences as potential binding sites for the YAP/TEAD complex, and indeed, these regions are enriched in ChIPs Anidulafungin (LY303366) of MZ1774 lysates, underscoring the primary direct relationship. Previous studies have also found pronounced c-Myc up-regulation on overexpression of YAP in the murine liver [3]. CDH6 mRNA expression was found to be upregulated in MZ1774 YAP knockdown cells. Normal renal epithelium and RCC express multiple members of the cadherin family in a distinct pattern with E-cadherin being expressed in Bowman’s capsule and all tubular segments

except the proximal convoluted and straight tubules [47]. Consequently, E-cadherin expression frequency in RCC is lower than in other cancers and even low-grade tumors infrequently express E-cadherin [48]. Conversely, CDH6 is expressed in proximal renal tubules and RCC, especially when E-cadherin is absent, and seems partly to take over E-cadherin function [49]. Detectable CDH6 mRNA from circulating tumor cells in the peripheral blood of patients with RCC has been proposed as a prognostic marker associated with increased risk of metastasis [49] and [50] hinting not necessarily at an active role of the CDH6 protein in metastasis but rather highlighting the inadequate ability of CDH6 to replace E-cadherin in cell adhesion. Up-regulation of the cell adhesion molecule CDH6 in response to YAP knockdown is therefore not contradictory to a less invasive phenotype.

If managers, however, used the initial collapse of the gadoid stocks as an indicator of an unsustainable amount of fishing pressure, perhaps the subsequent collapse of the herring fishery could have been avoided. In Selleckchem Talazoparib their analysis of the mechanisms causing MTL decline, Essington et al., commented on the commonly held notion that fishing down rather than fishing through is responsible for declining MTL. They note this “is dangerous because it leads us to ignore the policy implications of the more common sequential addition mechanism” [4]. The authors identified three primary policy considerations specifically for the fishing through model: (1) overfished high trophic level

predators; (2) poor recovery opportunities due to larval predation and competition; and (3) ultimate restructuring of ecosystems causing a loss of biodiversity and ecosystem services. The authors also noted the potential for conflicting demands based on fishery trophic level, forcing managers to make ill-advised decisions [4]. Ultimately, the authors recognized the need to develop management plans specifically for the scenario of fishing through, accounting for the relationships specific to that mechanism [4]. Managers will need to recognize the importance of both apex predators and their lower-level prey, and understand their trophic relationship.

Perhaps the most problematic scenario, that 3-oxoacyl-(acyl-carrier-protein) reductase of increase to overfishing, may have the simplest management solution. If caught selleck kinase inhibitor in the early stages, before the collapse of a stock, a simple decrease in fishing pressure could

serve to save the entire ecosystem. As specific trophic levels are not preferentially exploited and fishing pressure remains constant across all trophic levels, presumably a decrease in effort across the entire fishery would result in a more sustainable fishery. Ultimately, the study of trophodynamics is crucial in the development of an EBM plan for fisheries and the conservation of biodiversity. MTL is a tool providing a quick and easy glimpse into ecosystem dynamics, however it is capable of masking other trends. The sole use of MTL as an indicator of fishery sustainability is inadvisable due to the limited insight into ecosystem dynamics it is able to provide. MTL should only be used as an initial tool to determine trends, but should not be relied upon to determine causality or plan of action. Instead, a more all-encompassing approach should be employed to determine the cause of changing MTL and the appropriate actions that should be employed to prevent stock collapses and influence future management plans and policy development. “
“A key problem with conventional approaches to fisheries management has been its focus on production from a single target species.

Ohne Frage erreichen wir in Deutschland in der Regel nicht die empfohlenen Selenspiegel, egal welche Empfehlung wir zugrunde legen. Insofern erscheint

der Einsatz von selenreicher Nahrung oder Nahrungsergänzungsmitteln mit Selen sinnvoll, insbesondere für Risikogruppen. Dazu zählen nach derzeitigem Kenntnisstand strikte Veganer, Vegetarier, EPZ015666 cost Frühgeborene und Patienten mit total parenteraler Ernährung, Cystischer Fibrose oder Phenylketonurie. Deutlich davon abzugrenzen ist jedoch die therapeutische Selengabe z.B. im Rahmen der Krebstherapie oder Intensivmedizin. Hier werden unter ärztlicher Kontrolle sehr hohe Selendosen verabreicht, die keinesfalls durch Selbstmedikation dauerhaft erreicht werden dürfen. Die Hinweise, daß sehr hohe (allerdings in Deutschland kaum ohne nachhaltige Supplementation erreichbare) Selenspiegel zu Insulinresistenz führen können, führen abermals vor Augen, daß die Dosis das Gift macht und von einer unreflektierten

hohen Supplementation abgeraten werden muß. Bei keinem der Autoren besteht ein Interessenkonflikt. “
“Forschungsarbeiten über Platin waren hauptsächlich durch seine Verwendung in Arzneimitteln und seine Emission in die Umwelt motiviert. Historisch gesehen wurde die Platinspeziation anfangs wegen der Akkumulation des Edelmetalls in der Umwelt LGK974 durchgeführt, insbesondere nach Einführung von Katalysatoren auf Pt-Basis für Kraftfahrzeuge. Jedoch wurde die Pt-Speziation bald auf biologische und klinische Fragestellungen ausgedehnt, da Pt Allergien auslösen kann und weil es – seine interessanteste Eigenschaft – das Schlüsselmetall Methane monooxygenase in vielen Krebsmedikamenten ist. Seine pharmakologische Anwendung bei der Krebstherapie, seine Wirkungskinetik in vivo und sein Vorliegen im Abwasser von Kliniken veranlasste die Speziation von Pt insbesondere im Hinblick auf den Grad der Aktivierung und Inaktivierung von Pt-Verbindungen während der

Krebstherapie. Hauptsächlich diese pharmakologischen Aspekte der Pt-Speziation werden in diesem Artikel besprochen. Der Antitumor-Mechanismus von Platin: Bei verschiedenen Tumorarten kann die Mortalitätsrate durch die Anwendung hochaktiver Medikamente, die häufig Metallatome enthalten, dramatisch gesenkt werden. Dies gilt insbesondere für Medikamente auf Platin-Basis, die bei der Behandlung einer Vielzahl von Malignomen zu den effektivsten Wirkstoffen gehören. In den 1960er Jahren entdeckte Roberts, dass Pt-Komplexe die Zellteilung inhibieren, ein Befund, der für die Krebstherapie von höchster Bedeutung war und 1965 von Rosenberg et al. erstmals publiziert wurde [1]. Inzwischen wurde für eine Reihe von Pt-haltigen Verbindungen gezeigt, dass sie antitumorale Aktivität oder in dieser Hinsicht zumindest vielversprechende Eigenschaften aufweisen. Einige davon, z. B. Cisplatin und Carboplatin ((SP-4-2)-Diammin[1,1-cyclobutandi(-carboxylato-κO)-(2-)]platin(II)), werden zur Chemotherapie von Hoden-, Ovarial-, Kopf-, Hals-, Blasen- und Lungenkarzinomen eingesetzt.

[104], [105] and [106] In a mixed genetic background, check details HIF-2 knockout mice survived into adulthood, but developed hepatic steatosis, skeletal myopathy and cardiac hypertrophy, which

was associated with mitochondrial dysfunction and defects in reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenging. 107 Furthermore, HIF-2 knockout mice were pancytopenic and displayed a hypocellular bone marrow. 108 Further analysis revealed that anemia in these mice did not result from a cell-autonomous defect in erythroid precursor maturation, but was due to inadequate renal EPO production, indicating that HIF-2 was indispensable for systemic EPO homoeostasis in adults. 70 In a different model, Morita and colleagues showed that local EPO production in the retina was also HIF-2-dependent, 69 suggesting a more general role for HIF-2 in the control of EPO regulation. While these mouse models demonstrated that EPO production in adults was HIF-2-dependent, developmental studies highlighted the importance of HIF-1 in

the regulation of erythropoiesis during embryonic development. HIF-1-deficient embryos were characterized by a reduction in myeloid multi-lineage cells and committed erythroid progenitors at E9.5. This was associated with decreased Epo mRNA levels in the embryo proper but not in the yolk sac, while EpoR mRNA was decreased in both tissues. 54 The most compelling support for the notion that HIF-2 is the main regulator of adult EPO synthesis comes from conditional knockout studies in mice. Utilization of a tamoxifen-inducible, ubiquitously

expressed Cre-recombinase transgene permitted a direct see more comparison of the effects of HIF-1 and HIF-2 inactivation on erythropoiesis. Acute postnatal Palbociclib ic50 global ablation of HIF-2α, but not of HIF-1α, resulted in anemia, which, similar to HIF-2α germ line inactivation, was responsive to treatment with recombinant EPO.71 While stimulation of renal EPO production in response to hemolysis (phenylhydrazine treatment) was blunted in HIF-2α-ablated mice, postnatal deletion of HIF-1α did not have any notable effect on erythropoiesis, which suggested that HIF-1 does not play a significant role in the regulation of systemic EPO homeostasis at baseline or in response to acute anemia.71 Our laboratory has generated cell type-specific knockout mice to investigate the differences between HIF-1 and HIF-2 in the regulation of renal and hepatic EPO synthesis. Inactivation of HIF-2α in the kidney completely ablated the renal EPO response in mice subjected to normobaric hypoxia (10% O2 for 10 days), phlebotomy-induced anemic hypoxia, or treatment with a HIF activating compound.24 Cell type-specific inactivation of the VHL-E3 ubiquitin ligase in hepatocytes resulted in HIF-2-, but not in HIF-1-dependent erythrocytosis, while pharmacological PHD inhibition caused a HIF-2-dependent increase in liver Epo mRNA levels.

, 2012). Nonetheless, this model has been used to estimate oil outflow using a probabilistic regression type model (Montewka et al., 2010). To alleviate some of these limitations, NVP-BGJ398 cell line van de Wiel and van Dorp (2011) present a regression model for the evaluation of the damage extent and accidental oil outflow conditional to the impact conditions. Their model is based on oil outflow calculations of a large set of damage scenarios for four generic

tanker designs, as reported by NRC (2001). The damage cases are based on a ship collision damage procedure model by Brown and Chen (2002), and the resulting regression model explicitly links impact conditions with oil outflow. However, this model is limited due the assumption of a predefined tanker layout. The model presented in this

paper extends the tanker cargo oil outflow modeling literature on two accounts. First, the model integrates impact scenario variables to damage extents and oil outflows of a range of product tankers with different tank layouts, dropping the predefined tank layout assumption inherent in the model by van de Wiel and van Dorp (2011). The model is constructed such that a reasonable estimate of tank layouts is possible even selleck when limited data is available of the vessels under consideration, as typically available in AIS data1. The model links impact

conditions with oil outflows such that a probabilistic oil outflow can be determined which depends on the local traffic composition in terms of vessel sizes and speeds. Second, Bayesian networks (BNs) are applied as a methodology for probabilistically mapping impact conditions and ship data to oil outflows. Bayesian networks (BNs) are a kind of probabilistic graphical model which provide a natural way of modeling uncertainty in complex environments (Koller and Friedman, 2009 and Pearl, 1988). BNs have been applied in a range of applications relevant triclocarban for evaluating the effect of accidental oil spills from maritime transportation. Stelzenmüller et al. (2010) applied BNs along with GIS tools to support marine planning. Juntunen et al. (2005) and Lehikoinen et al. (2013) applied BNs to assess the effectiveness of oil combating technologies with respect to environmental impact of oil spills. Lecklin et al. (2011) used BNs to evaluate the biological acute and long-terms impacts of an oil spill. Montewka et al. 2013c) applied BNs to determine the clean-up costs resulting from an oil spill. BNs have also been applied for modeling the consequences of other ship accident types (Montewka et al., 2013a and Montewka et al., 2012a).

This unique SEMF approach has been successfully performed clinically to access the peritoneal cavity for natural orifice transluminal endoscopic surgery applications and for the performance Thiazovivin nmr of myotomy in achalasia.16 and 17 Percutaneous endoscopically

assisted transenteric full-thickness biopsy is a novel clinically applied method for assessing histopathological abnormalities in GI neuromuscular disease patients. Initial experience showed abnormalities identified in 44% of patients such as possible degenerative leiomyopathy.18 and 19 The limitation of this technique compared with the SEMF technique or that obtained by standard laparoscopy is the small sample size, which is less than the size recommended

by the Gastro 2009 International Working Group guidelines and does potentially reduce diagnostic yield.20 Another approach that was used in a nonsurvival study evaluated colonic endoscopic full-thickness biopsies by using an EMR-based technique.21 Future studies are needed to assess the safety of this procedure.21 Other options for evaluating myenteric ganglia are also being investigated. The use of innovative submucosal probe–based confocal laser endomicroscopy that provides optical histological imaging is currently being evaluated in preclinical studies with promising results.22 and 23 Studies identifying a neuron-specific fluorescent stain for human use and addressing

http://www.selleckchem.com/products/BAY-73-4506.html any potential toxicity or long-term effects of these neuronal probes are under way. However, it is likely that subtyping neurons, immune cells, and ICC will continue to require tissue acquisition. In this context, our study technique using an invasive endoscopic approach allows the acquisition of sufficient tissue to facilitate quantitative and qualitative analysis of multiple cell types. The ready availability of such an endoscopic technique may lead to invaluable insights into the pathophysiology and potential novel targeted therapy of GI neuromuscular disorders. “
“In the article, “ Ki-67 grading of nonfunctioning pancreatic neuroendocrine O-methylated flavonoid tumors on histological samples obtained by EUS-guided fine-needle tissue acquisition: a prospective study,” in the September 2012 issue of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy (Gastrointest Endosc 2012;76:570-7), the color in Figure 2 is incorrect. The correct original figure appears below. “
“In the article “Engagement, Workplace Satisfaction, and Retention of Surgical Specialists in Academic Medicine in the United States,” by Philip Y Wai and colleagues, published in the July 2014 issue of the Journal of the American College of Surgeons, the online Appendix containing the survey instrument cited in the article is no longer available. The authors apologize for this error.

All children were recruited from the northwest of England, and all came from homes where English was spoken as the first www.selleckchem.com/GSK-3.html language. The children with SLI obtained a Core Language Score (CLS) of −1.25 SD or less on the Clinical Evaluation of Language Fundamentals-4th Edition, UK Standardisation (CELF-4 UK, Semel et al., 2003), and a Performance IQ (PIQ) score no less than 1 SD below the mean on the Wechsler Abbreviated Scale of Intelligence (WASI, Wechsler, 1999). TD children obtained standardised scores within one standard deviation (SD) of the mean on both the CELF-4 UK and WASI. The SLI and TD groups differed on

the CLS and CELF (Expressive Language Index – ELI, Receptive Language Index – RLI) language measures, but not on age or PIQ. Working memory, declarative memory, procedural memory and lexical and grammatical abilities were all assessed with well-studied measures of these domains. Working memory functioning was assessed with the Working Memory Test Battery for Children (WMTB-C, Pickering and Gathercole, LY2835219 manufacturer 2001). This test comprises eight subtests, which were designed to assess the central executive, phonological loop, and visuo-spatial sketchpad components

of Baddeley’s (2003) model of working memory (for validation study see Gathercole et al., 2004). All subtests from the WMTB-C are standardised to a mean of 100 and SD of 15. The central executive component is assessed by the Listening Recall, Counting Recall, and Backward Digits Recall subtests, all of which require the short-term storage and processing of information. On Listening Recall, children are presented with a series of sentences. For each sentence, they must first provide true/false judgements on the sentence’s semantics, and then recall the sentence-final word. The Listening Recall subtest is an adaptation of the Competing Language Task (Gaulin and Campbell, 1994). On the Counting Recall task, children are presented with pictures of randomly presented dots, and are asked to count and then recall the

dots. Counting Recall is based on the counting span task developed by Case et al. (1982). The Backward Digit Recall subtest, in which children are asked to repeat a string of digits in reverse order, mafosfamide is similar to the Backward Digit Span Task in the Wechsler Intelligence Scales (e.g., Wechsler, 2003 and Wechsler, 2008). These subtests are likely to probe not only Baddeley’s central executive, but also Cowan’s focus of attention. Note that while all these subtests are designed to measure central executive (and likely attentional) working memory functioning, as they require both the short-term storage and processing of information, it is important to emphasise that all have a verbal component, and thus likely depend more generally on verbal aspects of working memory. The WMTB-C does not include central executive tasks which can be considered non-verbal.