The scale was shown to be one-dimensional through factor analysis (explained variance = 72%). A cut-off point of 10 showed adequate values of sensitivity (86.8%) and specificity (93.4%), with AUC being statistically significant [AUC = 0.957-0.985); p < 0.001]. The scale significantly correlated with HAM-A (0.852,

p < 0.001), HADS (anxiety domain, 0.903, p < 0.001), and WHO-DAS II (0.696, p > 0.001).

Limitations: Elderly people, particularly Smoothened Agonist those very old, may need some help to complete the scale.

Conclusion: After the cultural adaptation process, a Spanish version of the GAD-7 scale was obtained. The validity of its content and the relevance and adequacy of items in the Spanish cultural context were confirmed.”
“The effects of transjugular intrahepatic portocaval shunt ALK inhibitor (TIPS) on the survival of grafts and patients after liver transplantation (LTx) have only been documented in small series and with only a comparative description

with non-TIPS recipients. We evaluated 61 TIPS patients who had a subsequent LTx and compared these with 591 patients transplanted with cirrhosis without TIPS. Pretransplant characteristics were similar between groups. Graft survival at 1, 3 and 5 years post-LTx was 85.2%, 77% and 72.1% (TIPS) and 75.3%, 69.8% and 66.1% (controls). Patient survival at the same points was 91.7%, 85% and 81.7%, respectively (TIPS) and 85.4%, 80.3% and 76.2% (controls). Cox regression showed the absence

of TIPS pre-LTx, transfusion of > 5 units of blood during LTx, intensive HSP tumor care unit (ICU) stay post-LTx > 3 days and earlier period of transplant to be significantly associated with a worse patient and graft survival at 1 year. Migration of the TIPS stent occurred in 28% of cases, increasing the time on bypass during LTx, but was not related to graft or patient survival. TIPS may improve portal supply to the graft and reduce collateral flow, improving function. This may account for the improved adjusted graft and patient survival by Cox regression at 12 months. Long-term survival was not affected.”
“Background: Although fatty acids are known to be important in various skin functions, their roles on photoaging in human skin are poorly understood.

Objective: We investigated the alteration of lipid metabolism in the epidermis by photoaging and acute UV irradiation in human skin.

Methods: UV irradiated young volunteers (21-33 years, n = 6) and elderly volunteers (70-75 years, n = 7) skin samples were obtained by punch biopsy. Then the epidermis was separated from dermis and lipid metabolism was investigated.

Results: We observed that the amounts of free fatty acids (FFA) and triglycerides (TG) in the epidermis of photoaged or acutely UV irradiated human skin were significantly decreased.

8% +/- 4.4% and 7.1% +/- 4.6%, respectively. We also present some simulations which indicate that the methodology is robust with respect to uncertainties in important model parameters. However, in contrast to what has been observed in investigations only involving synthetic data, inequality constraints are needed to obtain sound results.”
“There were 90 articles published in the Journal of Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance (JCMR) in 2012, which is an 8% increase

in the number of articles since 2011. The quality of Rabusertib nmr the submissions continues to increase. The editors are delighted to report that the 2011 JCMR Impact Factor (which is published in June 2012) has risen to 4.44, up from 3.72 for 2010 (as published in June 2011), a 20% increase. The 2011 impact factor means that the JCMR papers that were published in 2009 and 2010 were cited on average 4.44 times in 2011. The impact factor undergoes natural variation according to citation rates of papers in the 2 years following publication, and is significantly influenced by highly cited papers such as official reports. However, the progress of the journal’s impact over the last 5 years has been impressive. Our acceptance rate is approximately 25%, and has been falling as the number of articles being submitted has Y 27632 been

increasing. In accordance with Open-Access publishing, the JCMR articles go on-line as they are accepted with no collating of the articles into sections or special thematic issues. For this reason, the Editors have felt that it is useful once per calendar year to summarize the papers for the readership into broad areas of interest or theme, so

that areas of interest can be reviewed in a single article in relation to each other and other recent JCMR articles. The papers are presented in broad themes and set in context with related literature and previously published JCMR papers to guide continuity of thought in the journal. We hope that you find the open-access system increases AZD9291 purchase wider reading and citation of your papers, and that you will continue to send your quality manuscripts to JCMR for publication.”
“OBJECTIVE: Rupture of hepatic hematoma associated with hemolysis, elevated liver enzymes, low platelets (HELLP) syndrome is a catastrophic complication of pregnancy. Maternal and fetal mortality rates are still high despite advances in diagnosis and treatment. We aimed to present our experience at two referral centers for hepatic disease and to compare it with cases from the literature.

METHODS: We reviewed nine cases that occurred over the past 6 years in our centers and made an extensive literature review covering the past 10 years. We reviewed and compared multiple outcomes for all these cases.

RESULTS: The median maternal age of our patients was 29 years (interquartile range 27-32).

Adiaspiromycosis is a preventable cause of ocular AG-014699 in vivo disease in the Amazon region.”
“Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) has a close relationship with epilepsy. A previous study showed complex partial seizures (CPS) to be the most frequent type of epileptic seizures in cases of ASD. Patients with childhood-onset CPS were retrospectively studied to investigate the prevalence of ASD and to characterize the association between CPS and ASD. The study cohort comprised 86 patients with CPS manifesting at 1 to 9 years of age. Symptomatic CPS and Panayiotopoulos syndrome were excluded. Patients with ASD (ASD group) were compared with those without ASD (non-ASD group).

Of the 86 patients with childhood-onset CPS, Omipalisib price 36(42%) also had ASD. This ASD group was predominantly male (68.6%), with higher rates of intellectual disability (69%), and reported frequent seizures (60% had monthly or more frequent seizures). CPS without secondary generalization were more common in the ASD group (69%) than in the non-ASD group (36%), as were frontal paroxysms on EEG (54.5% vs 30%, respectively). In the non-ASD group, 82% of cases had been seizure free for 2 or more years, in comparison to 50% in the ASD group. ASD is frequently associated with childhood-onset CPS. Male gender, cognitive deficits,

frequent seizures, and frontal paroxysms are risk factors for the association of ASD with CPS. (C) 2011 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.”
“Mn4+- and Mn2+-activated red and yellowish-green phosphors have been synthesized by the wet chemical etching of Si wafers in aqueous HF/NaMnO4 center dot H2O and HF/Na2Cr2O7 center dot 2H(2)O/Mn solutions, respectively. X-ray diffraction patterns suggest that the synthesized powders are Na2SiF6:Mn4+ and Na2SiF6:Mn2+ with a trigonal structure (space group D-3(2) – P321). Photoluminescence (PL) analysis, PL excitation (PLE) spectroscopy, and diffuse reflectance measurements were carried out to investigate

the optical properties of the phosphors. Franck-Condon analyses of the PL and PLE spectra were performed to determine the zero-phonon energies of the Mn4+- and Mn2+ -related transitions in Na2SiF6. Temperature-dependent PL and luminescence decay time YH25448 measurements were performed from 20 to 300 K, and the obtained results are explained on the basis of the energy level diagram of the 3d(3) (Mn4+) and 3d(5) (Mn2+) electrons in Na2SiF6, taking into account the thermal quenching effect. Electron spin resonance measurements were also performed. This is the first reported synthesis of a yellowish-green phosphor using Na2XF6 (X = a tetravalent metallic ion) as the host crystal. (C) 2011 American Institute of Physics. [doi: 10.1063/1.3639298]“
“Oetting WS, Zhu Y, Brott MJ, Matas AJ, Cordner GK, Pan W. Validation of genetic variants associated with early acute rejection in kidney allograft transplantation. ?Clin Transplant 2011 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-0012.2011.01522.x. (C) 2011 John Wiley & Sons A/S.

(C) 2011 American Institute of Physics. [doi:10.1063/1.3602120]“
“Report of the personal experience at repairing urogenital fistulae comparing the etiology, management, and outcomes in a developed and underdeveloped countries.

Fifty-three patients with urogenital fistulae were surgically repaired at SIS3 mw two different countries. Twenty-nine of those were treated in Istanbul, Turkey during last 10 years period and the other 24 patients were operated in Maradi, Niger in August 2007. Detailed information on obstetric history and previous surgical procedures were questioned in all of the patients. Specific evaluation

included instillation of dye in the bladder to locate the site of the fistula and intravenous urography were applied to patients with suspected urogenital fistula to confirm the fistula tract. The site, number and the size of fistula, as well as the pliability of tissues was assessed before the operation. The position Nutlin-3 molecular weight of patients for surgery and the route of repair were individualized

according to the appropriate access to the fistulae. Patients were reviewed 4-10 weeks after surgery to determine the end results of the operations.

Over all, obstetric complications (47%) were the most common cause of urogenital fistulae. Gynecologic surgeries were responsible for 41% of the cases. Although obstetric causes were prominent at patients in Niger, gynecological surgery was the main cause in Turkey. The most common type of Milciclib Cell Cycle inhibitor fistulae was vesicovaginal. With regard to surgical approach to urogenital fistulae; the transabdominal approach was chosen in 12 (22.6%) of patients and transvaginal repair was performed in 41 (77.4%) of patients; 94.34% of the patients were completely dry after the first attempt.

A high percentage of patients

with genital fistulae can be rendered dry and continent by assessment of these conditions; meticulous attention must be applied for the absence of inflammation and infection at the fistula site before the operation. Surgical team must be experienced at both abdominal and vaginal repair. Broad-spectrum antibiotics and continuous bladder drainage must be applied to all patients for at least 2 weeks. Interposition flaps must be used in complex cases.”
“Synthesis and physicochemical properties of the new glycidyl methacrylate, styrene, and bis[4(2-hydroxy-3-methacryloyloxypropoxy) phenyl] sulfide terpolymers of different crosslinking degrees are presented. The terpolymers were obtained in the form of regular microspheres by suspension polymerization. The epoxy group content, thermal properties (DSC, thermogravimetric analysis), and swelling characteristic of the functional microspheres were examined. In addition, a selected terpolymer was modified in the epoxide ring opening reaction with diethylenetriamine. (C) 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 123: 59-65, 2012″
“The photoluminescence of Pr doped (Bi0.5Na0.

Design: Percentage body fat in 8821 children and adolescents aged 8-19 y was measured by using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry in 1999-2004 as part of a health examination survey.

Results: With the use of several different cutoffs for percentage fat to define high adiposity, most children with high BMI-for-age (>= 95th percentile of the growth charts) had high adiposity, and few children with normal BMI-for-age

(<85th percentile) had high adiposity. The prevalence of high adiposity in intermediate BMI categories varied from 45% to 15% depending on the cutoff. The prevalence of a high BMI was significantly higher in non-Hispanic black girls than in non-Hispanic white girls, but the prevalence of high adiposity was not significantly Selleck NCT-501 different.

Conclusions: Current BMI cutoffs can identify a high prevalence of high adiposity in children with high BMI-for-age and a low prevalence of high adiposity Selleck Barasertib in children with normal BMI-for-age. By these adiposity measures, less than one-half of children with intermediate BMIs-for-age (85th to <95th percentile) have high adiposity. Differences in high BMI ranges

between race-ethnic groups do not necessarily indicate differences in high adiposity. Am J Clin Nutr 2010; 91: 1020-6.”
“In this study, short-circuit current losses in high-efficiency n-type back-contacted back-junction silicon solar cells

caused by the electrical shading effect have been investigated by two-dimensional simulations of the charge carrier collection probability. Based on the reciprocity theorem, the homogenous partial differential equation describing the probability of charge carriers being collected by the p-n junction on the rear side of the solar cell has been solved numerically using the finite element method implemented in the partial differential equation solver COMSOL Multiphysics. The method has been applied to study the impact of geometrical parameters of the solar cell, such as the pitch distance, as well as the emitter and back surface field width, on the local and global internal quantum efficiency and on the short-circuit current density. The influence of the rear surface recombination velocity of an undiffused 3-Methyladenine ic50 gap and the effective rear surface recombination velocity of the back surface field region on the short-circuit current density is also presented. It has been found that the width and the surface recombination velocity of the undiffused gap on the rear side of the solar cell have a strong impact on the charge collection probability in the base. Thus, the surface recombination velocity of the undiffused gap has to be minimized or the undiffused gap has to be reduced or omitted completely in order to increase the short-circuit current density significantly.

Two previously not recognized cases with Anderson-Fabry disease were identified.

Our study is the first showing that a diagnosis of Anderson-Fabry disease can be missed even in patients who undergo kidney transplantation. Case-finding strategies may be considered a useful tool for diagnosis of this rare disease that may be somewhat more prevalent among kidney transplant recipients compared with dialysis populations.”
“Objectives: To determine any association between serum paraoxonase-1 (PON1) activity, protein and coding region genetic polymorphisms and coronary artery calcification (CACS) and selleck chemicals to determine factors which modulate serum PON1 in type 2 diabetes (T2DM).

Methods and results: 589 patients (419 Caucasian,

120 South Asian, 50 other) from the PREDICT Study were investigated. All patients were asymptomatic for GSK2118436 mouse coronary disease and had established T2DM. CACS, lipids, lipoproteins, inflammatory markers, insulin resistance and PON1 activity, concentration and Q192R and L55M genotypes were measured. Independent associations were: 1) PON1 activity negatively with insulin resistance, triglycerides and PON1-55 genotype and positively with PON1-192 genotype; 2) PON1 concentration negatively with Caucasian ethnicity, duration of diabetes and statin use and positively with plasma creatinine and PON1-192 genotype. There was no association between CACS see more and any of the PON1 activity, concentration or genotype and this finding was not different in the various ethnic groups within the PREDICT study.

Conclusion: PON1 is modulated by a number of factors, some of which are reported here for the first time, including ethnicity and insulin resistance in subjects with T2DM. No association

between CACS and PON1 was found.”
“The oscillation of a weld pool surface makes the fluid flow motion quite complex. Two-dimensional results cannot reflect enough information to quantitatively describe the fluid flow in the weld pool; however, there are few direct three-dimensional results available. In this paper, we describe a three-dimensional reconstruction method to measure weld pool surface features based on a single high-speed camera. A stereo adapter was added in front of the high-speed camera lens to obtain two images in the same frame from different view points at the same time. According to machine vision theory, three-dimensional parameters can be reconstructed based on two such images. In this work, three-dimensional velocity fields have been obtained using this method. Based on the calibration technique employed, the associated error is estimated to be less than 11.4%. Quantitative experimental results are useful for understanding the flow pattern, and possibly for controlling the flow of liquid in the weld pool. (C) 2009 American Institute of Physics. [DOI: 10.1063/1.

Water extract, with its extremely low IC50 value of 4.9 mu g/mL in DPPH center dot radical scavenging and significant TEAC (4.8 Napabucasin mM trolox), EC50 (64.4 mu g/mL) and TPC (116.7 mg GAE/g OW) values, was found to be the second highest in antioxidative potential among all extracts. TPC value of methanol extract (147.3 mg GAE/g DW) was found to be significantly higher than the other extracts studied. The results showed that D. hastata can be used as a potential antioxidative edible source due to its different classes of phenolic compounds and strong antioxidative

capacity. (C) 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“The opportunistic pathogen Pseudomonas aeruginosa causes life-threatening, persistent infections in patients with cystic fibrosis (CF). Persistence is attributed to the ability of these bacteria to form structured communities (biofilms). Biofilms rely on an extracellular polymeric substances matrix to maintain structure. Psl exopolysaccharide is a key matrix component of nonmucoid biofilms, yet the role of Psl in mucoid

biofilms is unknown. In this report, using a variety of mutants in a mucoid P. aeruginosa background, we found that deletion of Psl-encoding genes dramatically decreased their biofilm formation ability, indicating that Psl is also a critical matrix component of mucoid biofilms. Our data also suggest that the overproduction of alginate leads to mucoid biofilms, which occupy more space, whereas Psl-dependent biofilms are selleck kinase inhibitor densely packed. These data suggest that TPX-0005 solubility dmso Psl polysaccharide may have significant contributions in biofilm persistence in patients with CF and may be helpful for designing therapies for P. aeruginosa CF infection.”
“An experiment was conducted in market dairy cows to determine the effect of feeding time and ractopamine hydrochloride (RAC) on growth performance, carcass characteristics, and end product quality.

In 3 replicates, 9 Holstein cows per replicate (n = 27; 659 +/- 25.3 kg initial BW) culled from 3 dairies were randomly assigned to 3 treatments: 1) slaughter immediately (control), 2) feed for 90 d (NoR), or 3) feed for 90 d with RAC (312 mg.cow(-1).d(-1)) for the final 32 d (RAC). On d 0, NoR and RAC cows were placed in individual pens and fed a high concentrate diet (86% concentrate, DM basis) for 90 d before slaughter. All cows were subjectively scored for BCS and locomotion score on d 0, and NoR and RAC cows were evaluated again after 90 d. Individual DMI was recorded daily throughout the trial, and BW was collected every 14 d. Age and age x treatment did not affect (P > 0.05) any of the traits evaluated in this study. When cows fed for 90 d (NoR and RAC combined) were compared with nonfed controls, fed cows had greater (P < 0.001) final BCS, BW and HCW, lower (P < 0.001) final locomotion score, and greater (P < 0.03) dressing percentage, external fat thickness, and marbling score.

Yet, the vast majority of research fuelling our understanding of the mechanisms that control stem cell behaviour, and their role in tissue regeneration, this website is conducted in young animals. Evidence collected in the last several years indicates that, although stem cells remain active into old age, changes in the stem cells and their microenvironments inhibit their regenerative potential. An understanding of both the cell-intrinsic stem cell changes, as well as concomitant changes to the

stem cell niche and the systemic environment, are crucial for the development of regenerative medicine strategies that might be successful in aged patients.”
“Hyperbilirubinemia is often associated with morbidity and mortality after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT). Diagnosis of its etiology is usually made clinically

among various possible causes, and analysis of histological PCI-34051 findings as compared with the clinical diagnosis has not been performed sufficiently. We retrospectively analyzed clinical and pathological findings in 41 autopsied patients who died with hyperbilirubinemia (>2 mg/dL). Overall, liver graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) showed the most prominent discordance between clinical and pathological diagnoses. Only 11 of the 22 patients, considered to have liver GVHD clinically, had GVHD findings at autopsy. Serum gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT), GGT/aspartate aminotransferase (AST) ratio, and alkaline phosphatase (ALP)/AST ratio in GVHD patients were significantly higher compared with those without GVHD (p = 0.02, <0.01, and 0.03, respectively), which was useful in clinical diagnosis of liver GVHD. Other major findings include liver invasion of the primary malignancies in 8 patients, post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorder of the liver selleck inhibitor in two patients, and disseminated liver invasion by fungus or varicella-zoster virus in one patient, respectively. Although analysis of clinical data is useful for narrowing diagnosis, histological analysis by liver biopsy

is crucially important, especially in cases suspected of having GVHD.”
“Artificial environment-friendly Gd-free magnetic nanostructures for magnetic cooling are investigated by temperature-dependent magnetic measurements. We consider two-phase nanocomposites where nanoclusters (Fe) are embedded in a Ni61Cu39 matrix. Several composite films are produced by cluster deposition. The average Fe cluster size depends on the deposition conditions and can be tuned by varying the deposition conditions. The quasiequilibrium Curie temperature of the Fe particles is high, but slightly lower than that of bulk Fe due to finite-size effects. Our experiments have focused on ensembles of 7.7 nm Fe clusters in a matrix with a composition close to Ni61Cu39, which has a T-C of 180 K. The materials are magnetically soft, with coercivities of order 16 Oe even at relatively low temperature of 100 K.

The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of MMEE ranged from 0.0625 to 0.125 mg/mL for Bacillus subtilis, Listeria monocytogenes, and Clostridium perfringens. Chloroform fraction obtained GSK2126458 price through liquid-liquid extraction possessed the strongest antimicrobial activity, and was separated by silica gel column chromatography. Among 22 of sub-fraction, CH4 showed the strongest activity (4-8 times MIC of the crude extract). The antimicrobial activity of CH4 to Staphylococcus aureus was reduced at high concentrations of starch, but the bactericidal effect of CH4 was maintained at 1 and 5% starch model media. The efficacy of

CH4 against S. aureus diminished in the presence of > 5% beef extract and > 1% soybean oil. In acute toxicity test, no mortalities occurred in mice administered 5 g/kg body weight of MMEE over 2

weeks observation.”
“Study Design. A descriptive magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) study on the growth of the lumbar zygapophyseal facets and interfacet area in children from the general population.

Objective. To characterize lumbar facet and interfacet shape variation during growth.

Summary of Background Data. The growth of the lumbar facet VX-661 research buy and interfacet area in children from the general population has rarely been discussed in the literature. This is an important caveat considering the important role these structures play in the development of spinal anomalies.

Materials and Methods. All lumbar (L1-S1) facet and interfacet widths and transverse orientations were measured twice by the same investigator (Y.M.) from T2-weighted MRIs of 100 healthy children (51 boys and 49 girls) from the general population at the mean age of 12 to 13 years (t(0)) and after 3 years at the mean age of 15 to 16 years (t(1)) using PCI-34051 in vitro the iQ-VIEW system. Statistical analysis included Student t tests and Pearson r after the Kolmogorov-Smirnov

test for normal distribution.

Results. The superior facet width is correlated with individual’s height only in boys at t(0) (0.56 <= r <= 0.66). No significant asymmetry in lumbar facet width and orientation is seen in children independent of gender both at t(0) and t(1). Lumbar facets have widened significantly only in boys from t(0) to t(1) (up to 30.8%). Girls at t(1) manifest greater superior interfacet width relatively to the superior vertebral body width than boys at L2-L4. No significant difference is indicated in facet orientation of the 2 sexes at t(0) and t(1). In boys only, the superior facet rotates significantly from t(0) to t(1) (up to – 10 degrees in the interfacet angle) toward a more sagittal orientation.

Conclusion. The lumbar facet joints in boys continue to develop after the age of 12, whereas facets in girls seem to have reached maturity at that age. Moreover, lumbar facet asymmetry when noted in children can be considered as a deviation from the normal state.

“
“Little is known about the coupled motions of the spine during functional dynamic motion of the body. This study investigated the in vivo characteristic motion patterns of the human lumbar spine during a dynamic axial rotation of the body. Specifically, the contribution of each motion segment to the lumbar axial rotation and the coupled bending of the vertebrae during the dynamic axial rotation of the body HSP990 mouse were analyzed.

Eight asymptomatic subjects (M/F, 7/1; age, 40-60 years) were recruited. The lumbar segment of each subject was MRI scanned for construction of 3D models of the vertebrae from L2 to S1. The lumbar spine was then imaged using a dual fluoroscopic system while the subject performed a dynamic

axial rotation from maximal left to maximal right in a standing position. The 3D vertebral models and the fluoroscopic images were used to reproduce the in vivo vertebral motion. In this study, we analyzed

the primary left-right axial rotation, the coupled left-right bending of each vertebral segment from L2 to S1 levels.

The primary axial rotations of all segments (L2-S1) followed the direction of the body axial rotation. Contributions of each to the overall segment axial rotation were 6.7A LY2606368 research buy degrees A A +/- A 3.0A degrees (27.9 %) for the L2-L3, 4.4A degrees A A +/- A 1.2A degrees (18.5 %) for the L3-L4, 6.4A degrees A A +/- A 2.2A degrees (26.7 %) for the L4-L5, and 6.4A degrees A A +/- A 2.6A degrees (27.0 %) for the L5-S1 vertebral motion segments. The upper segments of L2-L3 and L3-L4 demonstrated a coupled contralateral bending towards the opposite direction of the axial rotation, while the lower segments of L4-L5 and L5-S1 demonstrated a coupled ipsilateral bending motion towards the same direction of the axial rotation. Strong correlation between the primary axial rotation and the coupled bending was found at each vertebral level. We did not observe patterns of coupled flexion/extension rotation with the primary axial rotation.

This study demonstrated that a dynamic lumbar axial rotation coupling with lateral PF 00299804 bendings is segment-dependent and can

create a coordinated dynamic coupling to maintain the global dynamic balance of the body. The results could improve our understanding of the normal physiologic lumbar axial rotation and to establish guidelines for diagnosing pathological lumbar motion.”
“This study showed for the first time the antioxidant and hypoglycaemic properties of the methanol, n-hexane and ethyl acetate extracts from Senecio stabianus Lacaita, a plant that belongs to the Asteraceae family. The antioxidant activities were carried out using two different in vitro assays, namely 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) test and 2,2′-azinobis(3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulphonate) (ABTS) test. The ethyl acetate extract showed the highest activity with inhibitory concentration 50% (IC50) values of 35.5 and 32.7 mg mL(-1) on DPPH test and ABTS test, respectively.