Single cells were visualized by phase contrast microscopy and voltage-clamped using the whole cell patch clamp technique. Patch clamp micropipettes were obtained by pulling glass capillaries (1BBL W/FIL, OD 1.5 mm, World Precision Instruments, USA) with a model P-97 horizontal puller (Sutter Instrument Co., USA); when necessary, the micropipettes where polished by a model MF-830 microforge (Narishige, Japan). The resistance of the glass pipettes was 3–8 MΩ when filled with the pipette solution (for use with the hypertonic and hypotonic bath solutions the pipette solution was, in mM: CsCl 125, MgCl2 5, EGTA 11, raffinose 50, ATP 2, HEPES

Imatinib in vitro 10, 330 mOsm/kg, pH 7.2 (adjusted with CsOH); for use with the isotonic MAPK Inhibitor Library ic50 bath solution the pipette solution was, in mM: CsCl 125, MgCl2 5, EGTA 11,

raffinose 20, ATP 2, HEPES 10, 308 mOsm/kg, pH 7.2 (adjusted with CsOH)). The hypertonic bath solution was composed of (in mM): NaCl 125, CaCl2 2.5, MgCl2 2.5, HEPES 10, mannitol 100, 360 mOsm/kg, pH 7.4 (adjusted with NaOH). The isotonic bath solution was composed of (in mM): NaCl 125, CaCl2 2.5, MgCl2 2.5, HEPES 10, 308 mOsm/kg, pH 7.4 (osmolarity and pH adjusted with mannitol and NaOH, respectively). Fast exchange of the hypertonic bath solution with a hypotonic bath solution (in mM: NaCl 125, CaCl2 2.5, MgCl2 2.5, HEPES 10, 260 mOsm/kg, pH 7.4) was obtained using a perfusion system with a flow rate of 5 ml/min and a bath volume of ∼300 μl. For the experiments where the intracellular effect of curcumin was tested, 50 μM curcumin was added to the pipette filling (intracellular) solution. For the control experiments, an adequate volume of dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) as the vehicle was added to the pipette filling solution;

the final concentration of DMSO was 0.5%. Sitaxentan For the experiments where the extracellular, short-term effect of curcumin was tested, curcumin was added to the extracellular hypotonic (10 or 50 μM) or isotonic (10 μM) solution; for control experiments, an adequate volume of DMSO was added to the extracellular hypotonic or isotonic solution; the final concentration of DMSO was 0.1% or 0.5% for 10 or 50 μM curcumin, respectively. NPPB (Sigma, Austria) was used to discriminate between chloride currents and leakage currents. For the experiments where the extracellular, long-term effect of curcumin was tested, curcumin was added to the cell culture medium 1 h after seeding to the final concentrations of 0.1, 0.5, 1.0, 5.0 or 10 μM. For the control experiments, an adequate volume of DMSO as the vehicle was added to the medium of the cells; the final concentration of DMSO was 0.05%. Electrophysiology measurements were performed 16–24 h after cell seeding. All patch clamp experiments were carried out at room temperature.

Witnessing improvement in mentees’ health contributed to role satisfaction. Mentors had a sense of “mattering” by helping, and when their help did not make a difference or was not needed, mentors lacked personal

fulfillment. Role satisfaction was negatively affected by burdensome administrative tasks, participant recruitment, and mandated rigid adherence to intervention protocols. Mentors could feel rejected when mentees dropped out of a study, did not turn up to scheduled appointments or return phone calls. Emotional entanglement was a risk associated with the emotional connections forged between mentors and mentees. It occurred when a mentee’s personal or health problems became selleck chemicals overwhelming and Selleck JAK inhibitor placed the mentor’s well-being at risk; when mentors revisited negative emotions related to their personal experiences; when relational

boundaries became blurred; and when severing peer relationships led to a sense of loss. Mentors’ strategies to navigate these concerns included refusing to take on mentees if the relationship had the potential to threaten the mentors’ health and well-being (particularly in the case of HIV), and maintaining availability after intervention completion to cope with the discomfort of severing relationships. With the provision of adequate support for mentors, resolving emotional entanglements could result in personal growth. Connecting mentees with other supportive networks prior to intervention termination may limit over-dependence on a mentor. Changed outlook referred to the alteration in perspectives on dealing with life and disease as a result of receiving and providing peer support. It involved accepting one’s disease identity and changing one’s perception and attitude towards the future; individuals regained their old sense of self and became oriented towards the future by acquiring hope and purpose. A changed outlook was accompanied by increased self-confidence, self-esteem, and sense of control, and was a precursor to behavior change. For mentees, outlook change involved a re-evaluation of priorities,

with material things mattering less, and family and health increasing in importance. Outlook change was facilitated by social comparison, which provided new Farnesyltransferase perspectives on one’s situation, and by setting and achieving realistic goals. Mentors’ future outlook also changed positively through their ability to help others, enabling them to regain a sense of self that had been negatively impacted by diagnosis. Mentors too could benefit from social comparison, allowing them to find meaning and hope in their own situation. The changing of old habits and developing new ones was linked to positive changes in emotional well-being and an individual’s perception of and confidence in their ability to manage disease. For mentees, changing behavior involved developing a more active approach to healthcare and “making self-care a habit” [13].

Of Sci. And Tech., 8916-5, Takayam, Ikoma 630-0192 JAPANE-mail: [email protected] Web: http://Mpmi2011.umin.jp/index.html SOCIETY FOR INVERTEBRATE PATHOLOGY 44th ANNUAL

MEETING 07–11 August Halifax, NS, CANADA Info: S. Bjornson, Biol. Dept., Saint Mary’s Univ., 923 Robie St., Halifax, NS B3H 3C3, CANADA Fax: 1-902-420-5261 Voice: 1-902-496-8751 E-mail: [email protected] Web: www.sipweb.org/meeting.cfm 3rd INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON ENVIRON-MENTAL WEEDS & INVASIVE PLANTS (Intractable Weeds and PlantInvaders) 02–07 October Ascona, SWITZERLAND C. Bohren ACW Changins, PO Box 1012, CH-1260 Nyon, SWITZERLAND Voice: 41-79-659-4704 E-mail: [email protected] Web: http://tinyurl.com/24wnjxo SRT1720 supplier Entomological Society of America Annual Meeting 13–16 November Reno, NV, USA ESA, 9301 Annapolis Rd., Lanham, MD 20706-3115, USA Fax: 1-301-731-4538 E-mail: [email protected] Web: http://www.entsoc.org 10th International Congress of Plant Pathology, “The Role of Plant Pathology in a Globalized Economy” 25–31 August Beijing, CHINA 2012 3rd Global Conference on Plant Pathology for Food Security at the Maharana Pratap University of Agriculture and Technology 10–13 Jan 2012 Udaipur, India Voice: 0294-2470980, +919928369280 E-mail: [email protected] SOUTHERN WEED SCIENCE SOCIETY (U.S.) ANNUAL

MEETING 23–25 January Charleston, SC, USA SWSS, 205 W. Boutz, Bldg. 4, Ste. 5, Las Cruces, NM

88005, USA Voice: 1-575-527-1888 E-mail: AZD2281 [email protected] Web: www.swss.ws 7th INTERNATIONAL IPM SYMPOSIUM 2012 – March USA, in planning phase E. Wolff E-mail: [email protected] VI INTERNATIONAL WEED SCIENCE CONGRESS 17–22 June Dynamic Weeds, Diverse Solutions, Hangzhou, CHINA H.J. Huang, IPP, CAAS, No. 2 West Yuanmingyuan Rd., Beijing 100193, CHINA Fax/voice: 86-10-628-15937 E-mail: [email protected] much Web: www.iwss.info/coming_events.asp 2013 INTERNATIONAL HERBICIDE RESISTANCE CONFERENCE 18–22 February Perth, AUSTRALIA S. Powles, AHRI, School of Plant Biol., Univ. of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Hwy., Crawley, Perth 6009, WA, AUSTRALIA Fax: 61-8-6488-7834 Voice: 61-8-6488-7870 E-mail: [email protected] Full-size table Table options View in workspace Download as CSV “
“See Covering the Cover synopsis on page 1139. Collagenous colitis, a subgroup of microscopic colitis, is a chronic inflammatory bowel disease characterized by chronic watery diarrhea and few or no endoscopic abnormalities. A considerable number of patients suffer from additional symptoms, such as abdominal pain, nocturnal diarrhea, fecal incontinence, and weight loss.1 and 2 Due to the symptom burden, collagenous colitis impairs the patient’s quality of life significantly, in a manner similar to other inflammatory bowel diseases.

The samples coded as R1A + GP (recipe 1 with all ingredients together produced with addition of GP) formed the most distinct cluster, which was linked to the other cluster at a large distance, indicating a significant difference. These samples were characterised by the highest amount of phenolic compounds, and the smallest (below LOD) levels of CML. The inhibition of free-radical generation derived from the glycation process and the subsequent inhibition of protein modification LY294002 is considered

one of the mechanisms of the antiglycation effect. Wu and Yen (2005) reported that flavonoids suppress fluorescence in the order flavones (luteolin) > flavonol (kaempferol, quercetin, and rutin) > flavanol (catechin, EC, ECG, EGC, and EGCG) > flavanone (naringenin). They suggested that the hydroxyl group at the C-3’ position contributed to the inhibitory activity of these compounds on AGE formation. According to Peng et al. (2008), the antiglycation properties of catechin, procyanidin B2, and epicatechin are not only the result of their antioxidant activities, but are also related to ability to trap reactive carbonyl species, such as methylglyoxal (MGO), which is an intermediate reactive carbonyl in AGE formation. GP added to the samples made according to Obeticholic Acid R2 displayed

the strongest inhibitory effect, but showed a common PC profile (Table 3). Despite the high level of CML in the R2 samples, the concentration of CML drastically decreased below the limit of detection when GP was added. The estimation of the antioxidant activity of plant phytochemicals added to food cannot be based only on the activities of a particular compound; on account of interactions, accompanying compounds should also be taken very into account. For example, additive effects were observed in mixtures containing catechin and ascorbic acid or α-tocopherol, whereas in the presence of sulphur dioxide, a synergistic effect was seen (Saucier & Waterhouse, 1999). In this way might arise the strong inhibitory effect of GP added to the oil-formulated muffins, rich in tocopherols. Clearly, the particular ingredients, as well as PCs

from GP, play important roles in the reduction of CML levels; however, the influence of all the ingredients on the viscoelastic properties of the product should also be taken into account. Modifying the pore structure in the crumb by adding ingredients might potentially contribute to variations in CML content, through changes in the migration of water and temperature. In conclusion, ingredients such as protein-rich compounds, baking powder, salt, and various types of sugar and plant oil have a substantial effect on CML content. The individual ingredients added to R1 significantly reduced CML content, while the addition of all the ingredients to R1 led to the highest reduction in CML—suggesting a synergistic effect between all the ingredients in the muffin formula.

Consequently, is primordial to find out a model that is able to account for these interactions most efficiently in a qualitative as well as a quantitative way. Concerning the biomineralization process several works suggest that BSA inhibit the hydroxyapatite

formation when apatite is precipitated in a medium containing the protein [10] and [11]. Mueller and Sikes [12] suggested that there are biomineralization inhibitors that affect the nucleation and crystal growth of apatite. In the first case the biomolecules could bind to the ions present in simulated biological fluid by sequestering lattice MAPK Inhibitor Library price ions therefore reducing ion activity and inhibiting nucleation. In the second case the biomolecules affect the crystal growth by binding to crystal

surfaces rather than ions present in simulated biological fluid. Conversely, Marques et al. [11] increased the carbonate content of simulated inorganic plasma containing BSA (CSIPA) causing a higher mineralization on calcium phosphate ceramics and bioglass substrates when compared with simulated body fluid containing BSA (SBFA). In general, the effect of albumin on hydroxyapatite crystallization has been studied by the addition of BSA into aqueous CDK inhibitor media or simulated body fluid containing calcium and phosphate. In these cases the protein is widely dispersed in the medium where apatite crystals are forming. However, few works studied in detail the precipitation of calcium phosphates onto wide surfaces where BSA was previously adsorbed. In this work we investigated the kinetics of BSA adsorption onto apatite surface and the conditions where mono and multilayers of proteins are formed. This study also focused on the

click here characterization of the calcium phosphate layer (CP) precipitated onto HA surface previously coated with a film of BSA, after the immersion in simulated body fluid (SBF) for 7 days. The role of BSA on hydroxyapatite bioactivity is discussed. Hydroxyapatite (HA) was synthesized via wet method as described elsewhere [13]. The powder was uni-axially pressed at 30 KN into discs with diameter of 10 mm and thickness of 1 mm. These samples were then sintered with a temperature increment of 10 °C s−1 until reaching 1000 °C and left during 2 hours at this temperature. Bovine serum albumin (BSA) a well-characterized protein with a molecular weight of 69 kDa, isoelectric point of 4.9 (14) and dimensions of 14.0 nm × 4.0 nm [15] was obtained from the Sigma Chemical Co. (A7638, crystallized and lyophilized). BSA structure contains 70% of α helix and 15% of β sheet [16]. The HA sample had a Ca/P ratio of 1.67 ± 0.03, which was measured by X-Fluorescence and specific surface area of 45 ± 5 m2 measured by BET method. Conventional X-ray diffraction was used to characterize hydroxyapatite powder samples.

7 software. Estimates of genetic diversity (mean number of alleles, rare, effective and private alleles and expected heterozygosity) were calculated using GenAlEx 6.5 (Peakall and Smouse, 2012). Deviations from the Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium and linkage disequilibrium were tested using 10,000 permutations with the Genepop 4.0 programme (Rousset, 2008). Inbreeding coefficient FIS was calculated and tested (10,000 permutations) with the SpaGeDi 1.3 programme ( Hardy and Vekemans, 2002). Temporal changes in allele frequencies were tested using DNA Damage inhibitor the simulation test

(ST) and FT test ( Sandoval-Castellanos, 2010), and the Waples test (WT; Waples, 1989) using the TAFT 2.3 programme ( Sandoval-Castellanos, 2010). ST is a statistical test based on the Bayesian theorem in which the distribution of the distances among sampling frequencies is simulated. Binominal sampling is used for generation changes and hypergeometric sampling for effective populations and samples. The simulation procedure has been described in detail by Sandoval-Castellanos (2010). The FT statistic corresponds to the fixation buy E7080 index (FST) minus the average FST calculated among simulated samples and can be interpreted as the divergence which the population has undergone through time if the effect of gene drift is excluded. WT is a Chi-Square test adjusted to consider gene drift. The null hypothesis tested with all three tests

was ‘changes in observed allele frequencies between two samples

taken from the same population at different times are the result of genetic drift and sampling error’. The following parameters were used for the above tests: full Bayesian algorithm, Plan I sampling strategy and one generation separated the two temporal samples. Population size was set at 10,000 and effective population size at 6000. The number of simulations was 106. For comparison, pairwise FST values according to Weir and Cockerham (1984) were calculated and significance was determined using 10,000 permutations with the SpaGeDi programme. Additionally, standard genetic distance (DS) according to Nei (1978) was calculated in SpaGeDi. Potential differences in the genetic structure between the cohorts were also investigated using a model-based clustering algorithm implemented ADP ribosylation factor in the Structure 2.3.4 programme (Pritchard et al., 2000, Falush et al., 2003 and Hubisz et al., 2009). The best estimated number of distinct clusters was calculated according to Evanno et al. (2005) using Structure Harvester (Earl and von Holdt, 2012), whereas the ‘Greedy algorithm’ implemented in CLUMPP 1.1.2 (Jakobsson and Rosenberg, 2007) was used to average the results of the replicated runs. The default model parameters using populations’ priors were used for simulations, allowing number of populations K to vary from 1 to 6. Each run, replicated 10 times, consisted of 150,000 burn-in iterations and 350,000 data collection iterations.

Each session typically began with a brief mindfulness exercise, followed by the treatment agenda set for the session. At the beginning of each session, the therapist checked in with participants regarding episodes of binge eating that had occurred since the last therapy session. Binge eating was a primary focus of the study within the context of improving overall functioning and well-being. Despite its manualized nature, the contents and pace of sessions were individually adapted on an ongoing

basis to best accommodate each participant while also INK 128 mouse maintaining the functional adherence to ACT (e.g., focus on increase in daily functioning and behavior activation; openness to difficult inner experiences). The first session focused on the establishment of an ACT-consistent treatment Galunisertib concentration contract and rapport building. The establishment of an ACT-consistent treatment contract was particularly important because the route to healthier functioning via ACT may be different than what participants were expecting. More specifically, at pretreatment, participants tended to emphasize the elimination of perceived problems (e.g., binge eating, emotional triggers and other

negatively evaluated emotions) exclusively. Rather than dismissing the participants’ agenda, we found it effective if the therapist gently brought to their attention the promotion of full and vital living as a treatment goal and discussed binge eating and emotional triggers Thalidomide within the context of pursuing a full and vital living. For example, once the participants identified binge eating and its emotional triggers (e.g., negative affect) as events to be eliminated through therapy, the therapist gently asked them why binge eating and emotional triggers were considered to be problems in the first place. Subsequently, the therapist suggested the possibility that these events were viewed as being problematic, in part, because they interfered with everyday living. Once the participants became cognizant of the functional link between their presenting concerns and daily

functioning, the therapist then gently suggested the promotion of everyday vital and full living as an additional treatment goal. THERAPIST (T): … so let me see if I understand you correctly… You are saying that bingeing and the difficult feelings that trigger bingeing are the major problems, and you would like us to work together to make them go away. Although participants viewed binge eating as the problem, they did not necessarily recognize how this behavior was maintained functionally or how it impacted daily activities. The first step in ACT was to assess whether the participants engaged in these problematic behaviors in order to down-regulate unwanted internal events (e.g., feelings of anger, frustration, and loneliness).

, 2013b). Further rodent studies

could be done to correlate tremors with hyper-excitability of motor neurons using this approach and to investigate the mechanism. When performed, electrophysiological studies have been useful in identifying some motor deficits and rarely occurring seizures (Bagic et al., 2007). For example, electrophysiological assays of one study (Li et al., 2003) revealed severe denervation in a paralyzed patient, which was substantiated with abnormal MRI in the anterior lumbar spinal cord. However, clinical exams and electrophysiological tests, although necessary, have been inadequate to fully investigate physiological mechanisms of WNND, because the electrophysiological Selleckchem Obeticholic Acid deficits could not be correlated with histopathological conditions as can be done in rodent models. MRI has been useful

in identifying spinal cord and cauda equine abnormalities that reflect the motor deficits of acute flaccid paralysis or extreme weakness (Leyssen et al., 2003 and Petropoulou et al., 2005). As mentioned above, MRI has revealed heavy involvement of the substantia nigra in a WNV patient with Parkinsonism features (Bosanko et al., 2003). Other than these examples, MRI findings in patients with WNND are generally nonspecific (Petropoulou et al., 2005). Fortunately, physiological I BET 762 and electrophysiological approaches in rodent models have been valuable for investigating mechanisms of motor function deficits of the spinal cord, neuro-respiratory deficits of the spinal cord and brainstem, autonomic dysfunction, and memory deficits. These experimental approaches will be reviewed, along with how these approaches have been used to evaluate therapeutic interventions. The general features of WNV infection of rodents are thought to be similar to human infection. Peripheral injection of WNV in mice and probably hamsters results in accumulation of WNV-infected cells in the lymph nodes and spleens,

which facilitates extra-neurologic replication, viremia, and exposure of all vascular tissues to the virus. Langerhans cells are likely vehicles for rapidly transporting the virus from the skin to Amobarbital these lymphatic tissues (Byrne et al., 2001, Diamond et al., 2003a and Johnston et al., 2000). The development of IgM or neutralizing antibodies beginning at days 3–5 for both rodents (Diamond et al., 2003a, Diamond et al., 2003b, Hunsperger and Roehrig, 2006 and Morrey et al., 2007) and human subjects (Busch et al., 2008) eventually removes the virus from the serum and from extra-neurological tissues, except for low-level persistent virus in kidneys of hamsters (Tesh et al., 2005 and Tonry et al., 2005). There are conflicting reports as to whether there is persistent shedding of WNV RNA in the urine of persons (Gibney et al.

As a result, employment in the City of Detroit declined whereas it increased in the surrounding

suburbs. This decentralization was facilitated by the construction of federally-subsidized interstate freeways, including Interstate 94 along the shoreline of LSC, which improved access and reduced travel time (Edsall et al., 1988 and Surgue, INK 128 2005). Construction of housing units continued in each county, with the real median home value higher in Macomb and Oakland Counties compared to the rest of the counties in the region (Fig. 4). However, the population in Wayne County during the period from 1960 to 1970 continued to increase (Fig. 3). Following one theory of urban dynamics, a possible explanation for this population increase is that as housing aged,

the rental costs declined Akt assay and people had a preference to reside in more crowded locations (Forrester, 1969). After 1970 (third period), the population, number of households and employment in Wayne County continually decreased, whereas these parameters increased in the other five counties (Lapeer, Sanilac, Oakland, Macomb, and St. Clair) although at a slower pace compared to the other two periods. Since 2000 there are some signs of stabilization in human dynamics (e.g. population, income, households) in the five counties probably due to the recent financial crisis (Fig. 3). Although population growth rates for each county slowed since the Liothyronine Sodium 1970s, an increasing trend in land development continued as a result of increased residential lot sizes (SEMCOG, 2003) (Fig. 3 and Fig. 4). From 1970 to 1980, the average real personal income per capita for the combined five counties in the LSC watershed was slightly lower compared to Wayne County but then diverged starting in 1981 when Wayne County levels became lower than the other counties and stayed lower until now (Fig. 3). This means that the human population with higher income per capita likely shifted from Wayne County (outside of LSC watershed) to the counties within the watershed, and these changes in the land use characteristics were likely to influence the lake. Between 1990 and 2000, the amount

of land used for homes increased by 19% while the number of homes grew by only 9% (Rogers, 2003). If these trends continue, urban pressures on LSC from its western catchment can only be expected to intensify. Therefore, human dynamics surrounding the lake provide a critical linkage in the CHANS framework because human activities in the watershed will inevitably influence point and nonpoint source pollutants, recreational activities and the spread of invasive species to LSC (Mavrommati et al., in press). Responding to the rapid industrialization and population growth, water and wastewater infrastructure was gradually built primarily to protect human health (e.g., drinking water) and secondarily to improve the ecological condition of the receiving waters (Fig. 5).

The total weight of clastic sediment particles sequestered this website within the pond since 1974 was calculated from sediment volume (obtained from bathymetry maps of the pond floor in 2012 and survey maps of the regarded pond floor in 1974). This weight was additionally corrected for organic-matter content and compaction provided by cores collected in an even spatial distribution across the pond (Fig. 6). Bathymetry was measured

relative to bankfull pond level (as determined by the spillway) using a measuring stick from a kayak in June of 2012 (Fig. 6). Depth measurements were utilized to construct a GIS-based raster surface of the pond floor using a nearest-neighbor interpolation method; a second surface model of the post-excavation pond floor in 1974 was based on survey maps of the pond provided by the Mill Creek Park Service (Fig. 7). Depths to the 1974 hard ground below the soft pond sediments, measured at coring locations, served 3-Methyladenine order as control on the vertical datum and provided a means of integrating the two

data sets. The modern shoreline position, digitized from aerial photography, provided points of zero depth value for use in subsequent surface and volume modeling. A subtraction map of these two surfaces (i.e. 2012–1974) provided a net-thickness (i.e. volume) map for the time interval of interest to be used for an assessment of the clastic sediment contribution from surrounding hillslopes (Fig. 7). A total of 8 sediment cores were collected in an even distribution

across the pond using a push-coring device (Fig. 6 and Table 2). A 3″ aluminum core barrel was pushed through the soft sediment to the underlying hard ground (i.e. till or sedimentary rock). The difference in distance from the top of the corer to the sediment–water interface along the outside and inside of the core tube, respectively, provided a measure of core compaction, which provided a correction factor (Cc) for the volume to dry weight calculation ( Fig. 7). Compaction ioxilan for all cores averaged ∼30%, but ranged from 10% to 50% ( Table 2). Cores were halved in the lab length-wise, photographed, described, and sub-sampled at 2.5 cm-intervals for loss on ignition and grain-size analysis of the clastic component. LOI was performed using the standard procedure outlined by Schumacher (2002). Post-LOI grain-size analysis was performed using the standard dry-sieve method. A 63 μm-sieve was used to isolate the silt/clay component from the sand constituency. The USLE estimates soil loss in t/acre/yr (Wischmeier and Smith, 1978); the analysis therefore required a conversion from sediment volume, determined by the subtraction of the survey-derived surface model of the 1974 pond floor from the 2012 bathymetry-derived surface model of the modern pond floor, to dry inorganic sediment weight. Pristine core halves were used to generate a conversion factor for deriving dry sediment weight from volume (Cvw).