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​Bianconi@roma1.​infn.​it Bottlenecked Populations of Naked RNA Genes Can Circumvent Muller’s Ratchet Carolina Diaz1, Niles Lehman2 1,2Portland State University, Portland, Oregon, USA Preservation of the genetic information over time is relevant to the survival of populations. At the origins of life, asexual populations of short naked RNA-genes must have been more susceptible to the detrimental effect of mutation accumulation via Muller’s ratchet. It has been well demonstrated experimentally click here that abiotic asexual bottleneck populations are in fact susceptible to become extinct in consequence of the synergistic effect of Muller’s ratchet and random drift. Using an in vitro

continuous evolution model asexual bottlenecked ligase ribozyme populations of 100, 300, 600, and 3,000 molecules are allowed to replicate at various mutational rates. The average time to extinction due to the accumulation of mutations was found inversely related with the effective population size (Soll et al.,

2007). Higher mutational rates generate a broader array of mutations as expected, including not only ABT-263 nmr deleterious mutations but also beneficial mutations. A highly recurrent beneficial mutation has been observed to completely displace the wild type in some lineages, while in others is in strong competition with it. The population jumps back and forth between two fitness peaks of the landscape. Sexual reproduction introduced in small lineages allows them to circumvent Muller’s ratchet JPH203 cell line via recombination, an available solution

for small populations of naked genes to achieve larger population sizes at the origins of Cytidine deaminase life. Soll, S.J., Arenas, C.D., Lehman, N. (2007). Accumulation of deleterious mutations in small abiotic populations of RNA. Genetics, 175:267–275. E-mail: cdiaz@pdx.​edu Photosynergistic Collaboration of Non-linear Processes at Mesoscopic Level in a Irradiated Sterilized Aqueous Mixture of Some Inorganic and Organic Substances and Formation of Functionally Integrated Self-Sustaining Supramolecular Assemblies, “JEEWANU” V.K. Gupta Laboratory of Molecular Evolution, Department of Zoology, C.M.D. Post Graduate College, Bilaspur-495 001 (Chattisgargh), India Irradiated sterilized aqueous mixture of some inorganic and organic substances shows the photochemical formation of open chain energy transducing protocell-like molecular associations. They multiply by budding, grow from within and show various metabolic activites in them (Bahadur, and Ranganyaki,1970) The various microscopic investigations using optical microscope, SCM, TEM and AFM have revealed that they have a definite boundary wall and intricate internal structure. They have been analysed to contain a number of biochemical-like substances in them. The ultra fast laser flash photolysis (10−9 to 10−20 ns) also showed the formation of photoproducts in the mixture.