We examined the different courses of anxiety over an 18-month period in patients post percutaneous coronary selleck inhibitor prevention (PCI) and the predictors of group membership of these courses. Methods: Consecutive exhausted PCI patients (n = 638), participating in the EXhaustion Intervention Trial (EXIT), were assessed for depression at baseline using the Structured Clinical Interview for Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th Edition and for symptoms of anxiety at baseline, 6, and 18 months using the State Trait Anxiety Inventory (state only). SAS procedure TRAJ was used to

examine courses of anxiety symptoms over an 18-month period. Results: Five trajectories were identified: nonanxious (13.2%), mildly anxious (39.7%), decreasingly anxious (11.6%), moderately anxious (29.3%), and severely anxious (6.3%), with four of them being stable over 18 months. Multinomial logistic regression analyses showed that angina pectoris, major depression, the use of anxiolytics, and low educational level distinguished moderate-to-severe anxious patients from nonanxious. The absence of angina and major depression and not using diuretics explained the decreasing trend in anxiety in one of the trajectories. Conclusions: Anxiety trajectories varied across patients, with four of five being stable over 18 months. Mocetinostat mw In clinical practice, knowledge of these trajectories and their determinants may help identify distinct groups of

patients with potentially differential risks of adverse health outcomes.”
“A recent screen of a combinatorial library of fluorescent compounds discovered fluorescent dyes that were able to distinguish myoblasts from differentiated myotubes. New fluorescent dyes that respond to biologically relevant changes in cell state or type are useful as stains in a wide variety of biological experiments, including high-throughput screens for buy IWP-2 chemical and genetic regulators. Combining this approach with microscopy imaging is likely to be even more powerful and might lead to the discovery of new dyes with interesting and useful properties.”
“Fetal alcohol exposure

is known to induce alteration in fetal brain development. In this study, we focused on neuroprotection against the effects of alcohol exposure using ADNF-9, a peptide derived from activity-dependent neurotrophic factor. We used a mouse model of fetal alcohol exposure to identify the intracellular mechanisms underlying the neuroprotective effects of ADNF-9. On embryonic day 7 (E7), weight-matched pregnant females were assigned to the following groups: (1) ethanol liquid diet (ALC) of 25% (4.49%, v/v) ethanol-derived calories; (2) pair-fed control (PF); (3) ALC combined with administration (i.p.) of ADNF-9 (ALC/ADNF-9); and (4) pair-fed combined with administration (i.p.) of ADNF-9 (PF/ADNF-9). On E13, fetal brains were collected, weighed, and apoptosis was determined using TdT-mediated dUTP nick-end labeling (TUNEL) assay.

All amounts were converted to year 2007 dollars. To minimize costs associated with the early learning curve, the Selleck LXH254 initial 50 EVAR patients between December 1995 and 1998 were excluded. Patients with <1 year follow-up were also excluded. Data are expressed as mean +/- standard error.

Results: The mean follow up after EVAR for 152 patients was 38.8 +/- 1.8 months. Medicare, capitated insurance, and commercial insurance provided coverage for 85 (56.0%), 49 (32.2%), and 18 (11.8%) patients,, respectively. The cumulative 5-year postplacement reimbursement received per patient was $9792 meeting 81.4% of the cumulative

cost of $12,027 for a net loss of $2235 per patient. Although 123 (80.9%) patients without secondary procedures generated

a 5-year cumulative gain of $1830 per patient, 29 (19.1%) patients with secondary procedures averaged a 5-year cumulative loss of $9378 per patient. The average reimbursement rate over the S-year period was 35.8% +/- 0.6%, with the lowest reimbursement rate seen in patients with Medicare at 31.6% +/- 0.7%.

Conclusion: Current reimbursement is not sufficient to meet the costs associated with long-term, surveillance and needed secondary procedures after EVAR. Inadequate reimbursement of costs associated with secondary procedures was the primary driver for the net institutional loss. Reimbursement for Outpatient radiological procedures generated a modest surplus. (T Vasc Surg 2008;48:1390-5.)”
“Introduction: The nucleoside analogue [F-18]fluorothymidine MM-102 manufacturer (FLT) has been designed as a marker of cell proliferation that can be imaged buy GW4064 in vivo by positron emission tomography. Clinical pilot studies have demonstrated decreasing FLT uptake following antiproliferative chemotherapy of breast cancer. However, the significance of posttreatment FLT uptake has not been evaluated at the cell level. The aim

of this study was to investigate whether FLT uptake detects proliferation inhibition induced by docetaxel or doxorubicin treatment in an in vitro breast cancer model.

Methods: Breast cancer cells (MCF-7) were treated with docetaxel or doxorubicin for 24 h at drug doses inducing 25-99% inhibition of clonogenic survival (IC25 to IC99). Cellular FLT uptake was estimated at 4 h and at 1, 3 and 5 days interval from chemotherapy. [H-3] Thymidine incorporation and S-phase fraction were measured for comparison. Analysis of variance and the Bland-Altman difference plot were employed for statistical analysis.

Results: After treatment, FLT uptake was declined in dependence of the proliferation inhibition mediated by both chemotherapeutic agents (all P <.0001). The decrease of FLT was greater after doxorubicin treatment than after the corresponding docetaxel dose. With doxorubicin (IC99), FLT accumulation was reduced by 70% as early as 4 h after treatment. FLT uptake was closely correlated to [H-3]thymidine incorporation and S-phase fraction (r=.84 to .93).

Response latencies of dopaminergic neurons were reliably longer than those of parabrachial neurons. Intra-parabrachial injections of the local anasethetic lidocaine or the GABA(A) receptor antagonist muscimol reduced tonic parabrachial activity and the amplitude (and in the case of lidocaine, duration) of the phasic response to footshock. Suppression of parabrachial activity with lidocaine reduced the baseline firing rate of dopaminergic neurons, while both lidocaine and muscimol reduced the amplitude of the phasic inhibitory response to footshock, in the case of lidocaine sometimes abolishing it altogether.

Considered together, these results suggest that the parabrachial nucleus is an important source of short-latency nociceptive PLX-4720 datasheet input to the dopaminergic neurons. (C) 2010 IBRO. Published GDC 973 by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“Aim:

To develop a haemolysin (hly) gene-based species-specific multiplex PCR for simple and rapid detection of Vibrio campbellii, V. harveyi and V. parahaemolyticus.

Methods and Results:

The complete hly genes of three V. campbellii strains isolated from diseased

shrimps were sequenced and species-specific PCR primers were designed based on these sequences and the registered hly gene sequences of Vibrio harveyi and Vibrio parahaemolyticus. Specificity and sensitivity of the multiplex PCR was validated with 27 V. campbellii, 16 V. harveyi, and 69 V. parahaemolyticus, 18 other no Vibrio species, one Photobacterium damselae and nine other bacterial species. The detection limits of all the three target species were in between 10 and 100 cells per PCR tube.

Conclusions:

Specificity and sensitivity of the multiplex PCR is 100% each and sufficient to be considered as an effective tool in a prediction system to prevent potential disease outbreak by these Vibrio species.

Significance and Impact of the Study:

Because there is lack of simple, rapid and cost-effective method to differentiate these closely related V. campbellii, V. harveyi and V. parahaemolyticus species, the multiplex PCR developed in this study will

be very effective in epidemiological, ecological and economical points of view.”
“We analyzed the effects of different treadmill running protocols on the functional recovery after chronic constriction injury (CCI) of the sciatic nerve in mice. We found that a treadmill protocol of short-lasting running (1 h/d for 5 days after CCI) reduced the neuropathy-induced mechanical allodynia and normalized the weight bearing and the sciatic static index of the injured hindpaw. At difference, a treadmill protocol of long-lasting running (1 h/d for more than 5 days after CCI) was unfavorable both for allodynia and for functional recovery. Behavioral results were correlated with immunofluorescence assays of microglia and astrocytes activation in L4/L5 lumbar spinal cord sections.

For Kaplan-Meier survival

analysis, patient status ( alive, dead, or lost to follow up) at December 2005 was used as the observational end point. Modality differences were analyzed using a Cox regression model. A total of 237 patients were evaluated: 139 on CAPD and 98 on APD. The median age was 62 years on CAPD and 59 years on APD (P < 0.031), and the percentage of diabetics was, respectively, 77 and 70% ( P = NS). The CAPD drop out causes were death (57%), transfer to HD (29%), and other causes (16%), whereas in APD, 62% were due to death, 24% to transfer to HD, and 14% to other causes. APD/CAPD patient survival for year 1, 2, and 3 was 82/62, 62/49, and selleck kinase inhibitor 56/42%, respectively. In conclusion, both therapies are considered good renal replacement therapy options in our hospital, but APD is the most attractive

one as demonstrated by the positive results presented here.”
“Leptin and adiponectin are adipokines with respective pro-atherogenic and anti-atherogenic properties, defining the plasma leptin/adiponectin ratio as a novel Volasertib cell line marker for atherosclerosis. In non-renal patients, both hyperleptinemia and hypoadiponectinemia are associated with cardiovascular complications. In peritoneal dialysis (PD) patients, the leptin/adiponectin ratio is markedly elevated, which is consistent with their increased cardiovascular risk. As glucose metabolism regulates adipokines, we hypothesized that glucose and/or other PD fluid components may affect adipokine production balance. This review summarizes the available data arising from research in this area. In 3T3-L1 adipocytes, glucose-based PD4 1.36% significantly increased leptin secretion vs amino-acid-based ( AA) and icodextrin (ICOD)-based PD fluids. In contrast, adiponectin secretion was significantly reduced by PD4 1.36% vs glucose-free dialysates.

Glucose concentration in PD fluids was shown to determine leptin secretion. Preliminary data from PD patients showed that a single 6-h dwell with PD4 3.86% glucose acutely increased plasma leptin vs AA (P<0.05). The reduction in glucose load in a standard PD regimen was associated with an improvement in the plasma leptin/adiponectin ratio at 6 months. pH-neutral PD fluids increased leptin secretion science in vitro vs acidic PD fluids, without effect on adiponectin. Whether this effect may have an impact on plasma leptin levels in PD patients is unknown. In conclusion, glucose-based PD fluids worsen the adipokine production balance in vitro while glucose-free solutions improve it. In PD patients, hypertonic glucose-based PD fluids may increase plasma leptin levels. Glucose-sparing PD regimens appear to improve the leptin/adiponectin ratio. However, their potential to reduce cardiovascular complications needs to be demonstrated.”
“Nitric oxide (NO) has emerged as an important endogenous inhibitor of apoptosis.

In this study, we monitored virus-specific T-cell responses following the dermal infection of C57BL/6 mice with ECTV or VACV. Using polychromatic flow cytometry, we measured levels of degranulation, cytokine expression (gamma interferon [IFN-gamma], tumor necrosis factor alpha [TNF-alpha], and interleukin-2 [IL-2]), and the cytolytic mediator granzyme B. We observed

that the functional capacities of T cells induced by VACV and ECTV were of a similar quality in spite of the markedly different replication abilities and pathogenic outcomes of these viruses. In general, a significant fraction (>= 50%) of all T-cell responses were positive for at least learn more three functions both during acute infection and into the memory phase. In vivo killing assays revealed that

CD8(+) T cells specific for both viruses were equally cytolytic (similar to 80% target cell lysis after 4 h), consistent with the similar levels of granzyme B and degranulation detected selleck screening library among these cells. Collectively, these data provide a mechanism to explain the ability of VACV to induce protective T-cell responses against pathogenic poxviruses in their natural hosts and provide further support for the use of VACV as a vaccine platform able to induce polyfunctional T cells.”
“Previous studies investigating affective reactions to pictures that elicit a specific effect have mainly focused on the dimensions valence and arousal. Using an event-related picture-viewing paradigm in electroencephalography, we investigated whether erotica – that is appetitive, evolutionarily relevant stimuli – have effects on early stages of attentional processing that are distinct from those of other positive and arousing stimuli. Seventeen male students viewed arousing photos of erotic, nude women or pictures of extreme sport scenes, as well as control LDC000067 ic50 pictures of attractive, dressed women or daily activities. Erotic pictures differed

from extreme sport pictures not only in late but also in early attentional processes, as indicated by event-related potentials appearing from 130ms after stimulus onset (P1). The findings suggest (a) that the dimension of appetence should be considered in addition to valence and arousal when investigating psychophysiological reactions to affective-motivational stimuli and (b) that early attentional processing as mirrored by the P1 can be influenced by motivational systems. NeuroReport 24:246-250 (C) 2013 Wolters Kluwer Health vertical bar Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.”
“Background. Despite the substantial heritability of the psychoses and their genuine public health burden, the applicability of the genomic approach in psychiatry has been strongly questioned or prematurely dismissed.

Method.

Conclusions: In patients with a successful implantation Nec-1s of an Edwards SAPIEN valve, a simple “”oversizing” policy based on a systematic use of transesophageal echocardiography and modification of the procedure may prevent the occurrence of moderate and severe aortic regurgitations. (J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2013;145:398-405)”
“The use of pore-forming toxins from

sea anemones (actinoporins) in the construction of immunotoxins (ITs) against tumour cells is an alternative for cancer therapy. However, the main disadvantage of actinoporin-based ITs obtained so far has been the poor cellular specificity associated with the toxin’s ability to bind and exert its activity in almost any cell membrane. Our final goal is the check details construction of tumour proteinase-activated ITs using a cysteine mutant at the membrane binding region of sticholysin-I (StI), a cytolysin isolated from the sea anemone Stichodactyla helianthus. The mutant and the ligand moiety would be linked by proteinase-sensitive peptides through

the StI cysteine residue blocking the toxin binding region and hence the IT non-specific killing activity. To accomplish this objective the first step was to obtain the mutant StI W111C, and to evaluate the impact of mutating tryptophan 111 by cysteine on the toxin pore-forming capacity. After proteolysis of the cleavage sequence, a short peptide would remain attached to the toxin. The next step was to evaluate whether this mutant is able to form pores even with a residual peptide linked to cysteine 111. In this work we demonstrated that (i) StI W111C shows pore-forming capacity in a

nanomolar range, although it is 8-fold less active than the wild-type recombinant StI, corroborating the previously reported importance of residue 111 for the binding of StI to membranes, and (ii) the mutant is able to form pores even with a residual seven-residue peptide linked to cysteine 111. In addition, it was demonstrated that binding of a large molecule to cysteine 111 renders an inactive toxin that is no longer able to bind to the membrane. These results this website validate the mutant StI W111C for its use in the construction of tumour proteinase-activated ITs.”
“Objective: The aim of the present study was to determine the influence of the aortic annulus (AA) diameter in order to examine the performance metrics, such as maximum principal stress, strain energy density, coaptation area, and effective height in the aortic valve.

Methods: Six cases of aortic roots with an AA diameter of 20 and 30 mm were numerically modeled. The coaptation height and area were calculated from 3-dimensional fluid structure interaction models of the aortic valve and root.

However, in 2004, two novel BSE forms (L-type and H-type)

were separately identified in two different European Member States, forms that differed from the classical (C-type) form by their biochemical properties and by the pattern of PrPSc deposition as determined by immunohistochemistry (IHC). 60 atypical BSE cases have been identified worldwide as of November 2010, including one H- and one L-type BSE case each in Germany. However, it was not known whether the biological properties (pathogenesis and agent distribution, as well as transmissibility to other species) of these novel forms were the same as in classical BSE cases. Eleven calves were thus challenged intracranially, five with the German H-type and six with German L-type BSE cases. The experimental design and the

Z-DEVD-FMK cost clinical studies, followed by laboratory testing, are described in this manuscript.”
“The identification of variations in gene expression in response to bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) may help to elucidate the mechanisms of neuropathology and prion replication and discover biomarkers for disease. In this study, genes that are differentially expressed in the caudal medulla tissues of animals infected with different doses of PrPBSE at 12 and 45 mo post infection were compared using array containing 24,000 oligonucleotide Dinaciclib probes. Data analysis identified 966 differentially expressed (DE) genes between control and infected animals. Genes identified in at least two of four experiments (control versus 1-g infected C188-9 in vivo animals at 12 and 45-mo; control versus 100-g infected animals at 12 and 45 mo) were considered to be the genes that may be associated with BSE disease. From the 176 DE genes associated with BSE, 84 had functions described in the Gene Ontology (GO) database. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway analysis of 14 genes revealed that

prion infection may cause dysfunction of several different networks, including extracellular matrix (ECM), cell adhesion, neuroactive ligand-receptor interaction, complement and coagulation cascades, MAPK signaling, neurodegenerative disorder, SNARE interactions in vesicular transport, and the transforming growth factor (TGF) beta signaling pathways. The identification of DE genes will contribute to a better understanding of the molecular mechanisms of neuropathology in bovine species. Additional studies on larger number of animals are in progress in our laboratory to investigate the roles of these DE genes in pathogenesis of BSE.”
“Bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) is a transmissible, fatal neurodegenerative disorder of cattle produced by prions. The use of excessive parallel sequencing for comparison of gene expression in bovine control and infected tissues may help to elucidate the molecular mechanisms associated with this disease. In this study, tag profiling Solexa sequencing was used for transcriptome analysis of bovine brain tissues.

Much of the published kinetic data are prone to error as a result of unstable process conditions this website or an incomplete

investigation of the entire inactivation pathway. Here, we review this field of research, and also discuss an inactivation mechanism of at least two steps and propose an inactivation model based on current data. Further, spore resistance properties and matrix interactions are linked to spore inactivation effectiveness.”
“Aripiprazole, a novel antipsychotic agent, has a unique pharmacological action (partial agonist) on the dopamine neurotransmission system. Aripiprazole has high affinity for dopamine D2 and D3 receptors (DRD2 and DRD3). We investigated whether the efficacy of aripiprazole can be predicted by a functional DRD3 gene polymorphism Ser9Gly (rs6280) as modified www.selleckchem.com/products/AP24534.html by clinical factors in Han Chinese hospitalized patients with acutely exacerbated schizophrenia.

After hospitalization, the patients (n=128) were given aripiprazole for up to four weeks. Patients were genotyped for DRD3 Ser9Gly polymorphism by Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (RFLP) method. Clinical factors such as gender, age, duration of illness, education level, diagnostic subtype and medication dosage were recorded. Psychopathology was measured biweekly with the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS). The effects of genetic and clinical factors on PANSS performance after aripiprazole treatment were analyzed by a mixed model regression approach (SAS Proc MIXED). We found that, although the Set carriers have numerically larger score reductions when compared with non-carriers in almost all PANSS dimensions, the difference of their effects are statically not significant. However, the

clinical factors, Prexasertib cost including dosage of aripiprazole. age, duration of illness, and diagnostic subtype could influence PANSS performance after aripiprazole treatment. This study suggests that DRD3 Ser9Gly polymorphism may not contribute significantly to inter-individual differences in therapeutic efficacy of aripiprazole, but some clinical factors may predict treatment efficacy. (C) 2009 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.”
“A quantitative, coordinate-based meta-analysis combined data from 354 participants across 22 fMRI studies and one positron emission tomography (PET) study to identify the differences in neural correlates of figurative and literal language processing, and to investigate the role of the right hemisphere (RH) in figurative language processing. Studies that reported peak activations in standard space contrasting figurative vs. literal language processing at whole brain level in healthy adults were included. The left and right IFG, large parts of the left temporal lobe, the bilateral medial frontal gyri (medFG) and an area around the left amygdala emerged for figurative language processing across studies.

Two major theories of cerebral lateralization of emotional perception have been proposed: (i) the Right-Hemisphere Hypothesis (RHH) and (ii) the Valence-Specific Hypothesis (VSH). To test these lateralization models we conducted a large voxel-based meta-analysis of current functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) studies employing emotional faces paradigms in healthy volunteers. Two independent researchers conducted separate comprehensive PUBMED (1990-May 2008) searches to find all functional magnetic resonance imaging studies using a variant of the emotional faces paradigm in healthy

subjects. Out of the 551 originally identified RepSox in vitro studies, 105 studies met inclusion criteria. The overall database consisted of 1785 brain coordinates which yield an overall sample of 1600 healthy subjects. We found no support for the hypothesis of overall right-lateralization of emotional processing. Conversely, across all emotional conditions the parahippocampal gyrus and amygdala, fusiform gyrus, lingual gyrus, precuneus, inferior and middle occipital gyrus, posterior cingulated, middle temporal gyrus, inferior frontal and superior frontal gyri were activated bilaterally (p = .001). There was a valence-specific lateralization of brain response during negative emotions processing in the left amygdala (p = 0.001). Significant interactions between the approach and avoidance

dimensions and prefrontal response were observed (p = 0.001). (c) 2009 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“Vitellogenin (Vtg) induction in African sharptooth catfish selleck chemical (Clarias gariepinus) was assessed in order to develop XAV-939 mw a method for monitoring estrogenic pollution in African freshwater systems. Clarias gariepinus Vtg (Cg-Vtg) was purified from serum obtained from 17-ethynylestradiol (EE2)-exposed fish and polyclonal antibodies against Cg-Vtg were raised. An enzyme-linked immunosorbent

assay (ELISA) was developed and the induction and kinetics of Vtg were assessed in male fish in three different exposure trials using both natural estrogen (17-estradiol [E2]) and synthetic EE2. Concentrations of EE2 in water and levels of EE2 conjugates in bile were quantified by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS). In addition, co-administration of E2 and benzo[a]pyrene (BaP) were studied. Vtg was induced in all exposure trials and the maximum induction was observed 1 wk after exposure. Exposure of male C. gariepinus to 1.4, 2.7, and 13.9 g/ml EE2 induced Vtg synthesis at all concentrations. BaP did not influence the Vtg kinetics. However, an increased rate of biliary excretion of EE2 was observed when BaP was additionally administered. In conclusion, Vtg is induced in male C. gariepinus after exposure to both E2 and EE2, rendering it a suitable biomarker for endocrine-disrupting chemicals in African freshwater systems.

For clinical validation 135 specimens from healthy subjects, pregnant women, hypothyroid and hyperthyroid patients were analyzed. Results. Total coefficients of variation were <5.5%. Linearity test showed >90% recovery for all samples and for all dilution rates. Comparison analysis (Bland-Altman difference analysis and Passing-Bablock regression) showed E7080 an acceptable agreement between selected methods. SHBG values measured by Access SHBG assay in different groups of subjects

were in agreement with other clinical evidence. Conclusions. Automated Access SHBG assay appears to be a reliable and easy to perform assay, as necessary for application in routine diagnostics.”
“Objective. Neutrophil elastase (NE) concentration is associated with progression of acute pancreatitis (AP), but measuring total NE concentration includes biologically inactive NE. This study aims to investigate the relationship between NE activity and the aetiology and severity of AP and associated organ failure. Methods. Seventy-five patients admitted to our surgery department with a first episode

of AP during 2004-2005 were age-and sex-matched to 20 healthy volunteers (controls). NE activity was assessed using venous blood samples obtained on patient admission and after 1, 2 and 14 days. One sample was also MLN2238 taken from each control. ANOVA was used for statistical comparison between groups. Results. Baseline NE activity (geometric mean; 95% confidence intervals) differed between patients (58.6 nM of substrate

7-amino-4-methylcoumarin [AMC]/hour; 48.52-70.72) and controls (31.5 nM AMC/hour; 25.5-39.0) (p = 0.0003), and did not correlate with time between symptom onset and admission. Patients with alcohol-induced AP demonstrated higher mean activity (59.1 nM AMC/h; 44.7-78.2) than those with gallstone-induced AP (41.7 nM AMC/h; 33.9-51.4) (p = 0.0496). NE activity was higher overall in patients with predicted many severe AP (60.9 nM AMC/h; 48.0-77.2) than in those with predicted mild AP (42.1 nM AMC/h; 34.9-50.8) (p = 0.027). Patients with respiratory failure had higher NE activity (82.5 nM AMC/h; 57.5-118.4) than those without (43.9 nM AMC/h; 37.6-51.3) (p = 0.0024). Conclusions. NE activity was associated with predicted severity of AP and AP-associated respiratory failure. Specific NE inhibitors may have therapeutic potential in acute pancreatitis.”
“Peripheral blood mononuclear cells of Crohn’s disease (CD) patients with the common 1007fs mutation of the caspase recruitment domain-containing 15/nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-containing 2 (CARD15/NOD2) gene show impaired nuclear factor kappa B (NF-kappa B) activation in response to muramyl dipeptide (MDP), as determined by Western blotting.