Reverse micelles are convenient learn more membrane mimetic nanostructures and were used here to simulate Cyt c peroxidase activity. Cyt c peroxidase activity was markedly enhanced in sodium dodecyl sulfate (SIDS) reverse micelles.

This was dependent on buffer concentration of water pool and mass percentage of buffer in reverse micelles. Fluorescence intensity based on tryptophan residue, electronic absorption curves, and circular dichroism measurements indicated partial unfolding and cleavage of axial methionin 80-Fe bond of Cyt c in reverse micellar medium resulting in the formation of a peroxidase-like artificial enzyme. (C) 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.”
“The essentiality of polyunsaturated lipids makes membranes susceptible to peroxidative modifications. One of the most contemporary examples includes selective peroxidation of cardiolipin in mitochondria of cells undergoing apoptosis. Cardiolipin peroxidation products are required for the mitochondrial membrane permeabilization, release of pro-apoptotic factors and completion of the cell death program. Therefore, search for effective inhibitors of cardiolipin peroxidation is critical

I-BET151 to discovery and development of anti-apoptotic antioxidants. Mitochondria contain significant amounts of a-tocopherol, a well known scavenger of reactive free radicals. In the present study, we used an oxidative lipidomics approach to evaluate the effect of a-tocopherol and its homologues with different lengths of the side-chain such as 2,5,7,8,-tetramethyl-2(4-methylpentyl)-6-chromanol and 2,2,5,7,8-pentamethyl-6-chromanol, on oxidation of tetralinoleoyl cardiolipin induced by cytochrome c in the presence of hydrogen peroxide. Our data indicate that vitamin E homologues inhibit not only accumulation of tetralinoleoyl cardiolipin hydroperoxides but also hydroxy-derivatives of tetralinoleoyl cardiolipin formed in 查看更多 the enzymatic peroxidase half-reaction catalyzed by cytochrome c. This suggests that protective effects of vitamin E homologues against tetralinoleoyl cardiolipin peroxidation

catalyzed by cytochrome c/hydrogen peroxide are realized largely due to their effects on the peroxidase activity of cytochrome c towards tetralinoleoyl cardiolipin rather than via their scavenging activity.”
“Because the properties and applications of hydrogels are determined by the formation principle and conditions of the hydrogels, novel methods for preparing hydrogels have increasingly triggered scientists’ interest. Here the Diels-Alder reaction was applied to the preparation of hydrogels. For the resultant polymeric diene and dienophile, the Diels-Alder reaction could be performed in water. The gelation time was found to be closely related to the temperature. The gelation time decreased with the temperature increasing.

LOI1 encodes a pentatricopeptide repeat (PPR) protein localized in mitochondria that is thought to have RNA binding ability and function in post-transcriptional regulation of mitochondrial gene expression. LOI1 belongs to the DYW subclass of PPR proteins, which is hypothesized to be correlated with RNA editing. As a result of analysis of RNA editing of mitochondrial genes in loi1, a defect in RNA editing of three PKC412 datasheet genes, nad4, ccb203 and cox3, was identified in loi1. These

genes are related to the respiratory chain. Wild type (WT) treated with some respiration inhibitors mimicked the loi1 phenotype. Interestingly, HMG-CoA reductase activity of WT treated with lovastatin combined with antimycin A, an inhibitor of complex III in the respiratory chain, was higher than that of WT treated with only lovastatin, despite the lack of alteration of transcript or protein levels of HMGR. These results suggest that HMGR enzyme activity is regulated through the respiratory cytochrome pathway. Although various mechanisms exist for isoprenoid biosynthesis, our studies demonstrate the novel possibility JAK phosphorylation that mitochondrial respiration plays potentially regulatory roles in isoprenoid biosynthesis.”
“Background The management of melanoma

is directly related to Breslow’s depth. Biopsying melanomas in a fashion that transects the deep margin precludes an accurate measurement of the true depth. Objective To examine the prognosis of melanomas transected along the deep margins, as well as cases where no residual melanoma was seen on re-excision after transection. Methods Records from a cohort of patients at one institution were examined from 1996 through 2007. Patients were considered to have transected melanomas if tumor cells were present on the deep margin of the biopsy.

Overall survival was determined. Results Seven hundred fourteen patients were examined. 171 (24%) of all melanomas were transected. 101(59%) of those lacked tumor cells on re-excision. Patients with transected melanomas were older (OR=1.03, p<.001), and had higher Breslow’s depths (OR=1.21, p<.001) than those without transected tumors. Those with no residual melanoma after transection were younger (OR = 0.98, p = .010) and more likely CP 690550 to have no lymph node involvement (OR = 2.23, p = .037). Neither transection (p=.760), nor lack of residual melanoma on re-excision after transection (p=.793) influenced survival. Conclusion A high number of melanomas are transected at diagnosis, many of which lack visible tumor. The original Breslow’s depth of transected melanomas without residual tumor on re-excision accurately predicts survival and prognosis.”
“Cytogenetic findings are reported for 31 female patients with Turner’s syndrome. Chromosome studies were made from lymphocyte cultures. Non-mosaicism 45, X was demonstrated in 15 of these patients, whereas only three were apparently mosaic.

Compounds 3, 4 and 7-11 were isolated from this plant for the first time. A hypothetical biosynthesis pathway among these isolated carbohydrates (1-11) was briefly introduced.”
“Objective: To report the rare occurrence of a patient with thyrotropinoma

that transitioned into a secretory thyro-somatotroph adenoma during medical treatment with somatostatin analogue.

Methods: We report the case of a patient with a thyrotroph pituitary adenoma who developed de novo evidence of growth hormone cosecretion following one year of successful medical treatment.

Results: A 78-year-old woman was diagnosed with a thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) secreting pituitary macroadenoma (TSHoma) based on classical clinical and biochemical features. There was P5091 in vitro no clinical or biochemical evidence of growth hormone (GH) cosecretion. She declined surgical resection RAD001 chemical structure and was treated with primary medical

therapy, octreotide long acting repeatable (LAR), to which she had an antitumor and antisecretory response; however, following 12 months of successful medical treatment she developed de novo hypersecretion of growth hormone despite involution of the tumor mass. TSH-secreting pituitary adenomas may rarely become plurihormonal during apparently successful medical treatment. This may represent an unusual form of secondary resistance to somatostatin analogue or the rarer phenomenon of tumor transformation into a secretory thyro-somatotroph adenoma.

Conclusion: The unexpected clinical course of this case highlights the need for careful long-term surveillance in patients with TSH secreting pituitary adenomas.”
“We describe the case of a 47-year-old Mexican-American man who had had a persistent cough for the previous 7 months. He had undergone multiple treatments with antibiotics which yielded no improvement in his condition. During his most

recent coughing episode, he underwent a bronchoscopic procedure that revealed alveolar proteinosis. In this case report we discuss the unusual presentation and review the treatment and PHA-848125 clinical course of alveolar proteinosis.”
“Two new phenolic glycosides, named parishins F-G (1-2), together with known parishin E, were isolated from the rhizome of Gastrodia elata. The new structures were established as 1,3-di-[4-O-(beta-D-glucopyranosyl) benzyl]-2-4-O-[beta-D-glucopyranosyl-(1 -> 6)-beta-D-glucopyranosyl] benzyl citrate (1) and 2-[4-O-(beta-D-glucopyranosyl) benzyl] citrate (2), by means of MS, 1D, and 2D NMR spectral analyses, as well as chemical methods.”
“In Dunaliella salina, we studied the early steps in the isoprenoid pathway for the biosynthesis of carotenoids and -carotene and the effects of metabolic inhibitors. When D. salina was grown under carotenogenic and non-carotenogenic conditions, mevinolin did not inhibit growth or the accumulation of carotenoids, -carotene or chlorophyll.

Method: Patients who scored “”>5″” on the AUDIT were eligible for SBI. At the

end of each intervention, counselors completed the questionnaire indicating which parts of the intervention they just used.

Results: Discriminant function analyses indicated that “”Referral made”" discriminated for alcohol intake change (Wilks’ lambda = 0.993, P < .05) “”Did the patient set goals during intervention?”" and “”Referral made”" discriminated for alcohol dependency change (Wilks’ lambda = 0.940 and Wilks’ lambda = 0.919, P < .05, respectively). “”Intention to quit”" (Wilks’ lambda = 0.984, P < .05) discriminated for alcohol-related harm change.

Conclusions: Making referrals to addiction treatment during selleck chemicals motivational intervention discriminated for alcohol intake and dependency change. Working on intention to quit is an important point in changing PR-171 in vivo alcohol-related harm. When conducting the SBI in ED, counselors may be mindful in making appropriate referrals to address alcohol use and examine intention to quit to maximize the efficacy of the harm-reduction approach. (C) 2009 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.”
“Energy transfer processes in Yb3+-Tb3+ co-doped, low-silica calcium aluminosilicate glasses were analyzed. Luminescence and time-resolved measurements were used to study

upconversion processes, such as Yb-Tb cooperative sensitization, Yb-Yb cooperative luminescence, and Yb-Tb cross relaxation. The quantum cross relaxation efficiency was evaluated as a function on the Yb3+ concentration, and the maximum estimated value was approximately 51%. In addition, the intensity of the upconversion luminescence from the Tb3+:D-5(4)

level decreased by two orders of magnitude comparing the value at room temperature with that at 123 K. As a consequence, Yb-Yb cooperative luminescence around 500 nm became comparable with the intensity of upconversion from the Tb3+:D-5(4) level. Furthermore, a dependence of the upconversion kinetics luminescence on temperature was observed. The upconversion rise time was constant and equal to 65 mu s for temperatures between 296 to 473 K and decreased from 65 to 19 mu s, without variation check details in the decay part, when the temperature was lowered from 296 to 123 K. These results were explained by a phonon-assisted cooperative sensitization process for the population of the Tb3+:D-5(4) level. (C) 2011 American Institute of Physics. [doi:10.1063/1.3653272]“
“In biological systems that undergo processes such as differentiation, a clear concept of progression exists. We present a novel computational approach, called Sample Progression Discovery (SPD), to discover patterns of biological progression underlying microarray gene expression data.

“
“This study reports the antimicrobial resistance of Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae and Streptococcus pyogenes isolated from patients in Algeria, Morocco and Tunisia. 672 non-duplicate isolates were recovered from May 2006 to May 2007. The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) were determined using the E-test and interpreted according Selleckchem ABT 263 to EUCAST

guidelines. Among 236 S. pneumoniae, 47% were penicillin non-susceptible (PNSP) with 3% of strains being highly resistant; 20.4% and 17.4% had decreased susceptibility to amoxicillin and cefotaxime, respectively. Dual resistance to penicillin and erythromycin was observed in 30.1%. All isolates were susceptible to levofloxacin except one. Among 262 H. influenzae, 13.3% were amoxicillin-resistant and beta-lactamase producers.

Two isolates were beta-lactamase-positive and amoxicillin-clavulanate-resistant. All isolates were susceptible to cefixime, cefotaxime and levofloxacin. All S. pyogenes (17 4) were susceptible to beta-lactams with 5.7% NSC 683864 resistant to erythromycin. Five had decreased susceptibility to levofloxacin. These data on respiratory tract pathogens indicate the high prevalence of PNSP in North African countries.”
“Background : Gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GIST) are the most common mesenchymal tumors in the gastrointestinal tract. Recently, many methods for the diagnosis of GIST have been developed including molecular diagnosis. Methods : We selected 90 cases of GIST that had presented at Kyungpook National University Hospital between 1998 and 2007. Tissue microarrays were made using core areas

of tumor tissues. Immunohistochemical staining for c-kit, protein kinase C-theta, and platelet-derived growth factor receptor alpha (PDGFRA) was done. Direct sequencing of hot spot exonal areas for c-kit and PDGFRA MMP inhibitor were done using extracted DNAs of all 90 paraffin block tissues. Results : Among the 90 cases, 83.3% (75/90) were c-kit positive, 16.6% (15/90) were c-kit negative, 93.3% (84/90) were PDGFRA positive, and 6.6% (6/90) cases were PDGFRA negative. Fifteen cases of c-kit negative GIST included 1 case of PDGFRA negative and 5 cases of PDGFRA negative GIST were c-kit positive. The one case in which both c-kit and PDGFRA were negative, showed a c-kit mutation in exon 11. Conclusions : Combined immunohistochemical staining of c-kit, discovered on GIST 1 (DOG1) and PDGFRA is helpful for the diagnosis of GIST. When all staining tests are negative for immunoreactivity, c-kit mutation analysis for exon 11, 9 should be done. Genotyping of kit and PDGFRA do not need to be examined initially, if it is only for the diagnosis of GIST.”
“Aim To evaluate the effectiveness of a psychological preoperative program in reducing preoperative anxiety and in promoting compliance of pediatric participants with surgical procedures.

These results illustrate how the open nature of the cell-free system can be used as a seamless antibody engineering platform from discovery to preclinical development of aglycosylated monoclonal antibodies and antibody fragments as potential therapeutics.”
“Further study on steam-treated notoginseng, the roots of Panax

notoginseng (Burk.) F.H. Chen (Araliaceae), which is a famous traditional Chinese medicine that is used both in raw and treated forms for a long time, led to the isolation of a new dammarane-type saponin, namely notoginsenoside ST-4. Its structure was elucidated to be 3,12,20(S)-tri-hydroxydammar-24-ene-3-O–d-xylopyranosyl-(12)–d-glucopyranosyl-(12)–d-glu-copyranoside,

based on the detailed analyses of the 1D and 2D NMR spectral data and acidic hydrolysis. Notoginsenoside ST-4 was investigated for its antiviral activity on herpes simplex type 1 (HSV-1) BEZ235 mw and type 2 (HSV-2) in vitro. The 50% effective concentration (EC50) values, AR-13324 determined by plaque reduction assay, were 16.47 +/- 0.67 and 19.44 +/- 1.16M for HSV-1 and HSV-2, respectively, whereas the 50% cytotoxic concentration (CC50) determined by the XTT test on Vero cells was 510.64 +/- 4.56M. As analyzed by attachment assay and penetration assay based on plaque reduction assay, the antiviral activity of notoginsenoside ST-4 was principally due to the penetration inhibition effects, which was confirmed by fluorescence S63845 microscopy observation that notoginsenoside ST-4 blocked the penetration of virus. Therefore, notoginsenoside ST-4 might be a promising agent for herpes simplex virus infection.”
“Objective To determine the presence of chlamydial species including recently described chlamydial agents as well as the human pathogen Chlamydophila pneumoniae in feline conjunctivitis.

Animal studied Twenty five cats without

and 49 cats with conjunctivitis were tested for chlamydia using a Chlamydiaceae real time (RT) PCR (targeting the 23S rRNA gene sequence), a Chlamydiales PCR (targeting the 16S rRNA gene sequence), and cell culture. The PCR products of all positive samples were sequenced and subsequently analyzed using a basic local alignment search tool search.

Results Chlamydiaceae RT PCR and subsequent sequence analyses identified C. pneumoniae in five cats in the conjunctivitis group. The presence of Chlamydophila felis was shown in two cats with conjunctivitis. Chlamydiae related to uncultured members of Chlamydiales were detected in three conjunctivitis cases and in one cat without clinical symptoms.

Conclusion This study detects for the first time, the known human pathogen C. pneumoniae in feline conjunctivitis cases using Chlamydiaceae RT PCR and sequence analyses.

“
“The use of pesticides for crop protection may result in the presence of toxic residues in environmental matrices. In the aquatic environment, pesticides might freely dissolve in the water or bind to suspended matter and to the sediments, and might be transferred to the organisms’ tissues during bioaccumulation processes, resulting

in adverse consequences to non-target species. One such group of synthetic organic pesticides widely used worldwide to combat pathogenic fungi affecting plants is the strobilurin chemical group. Whereas they are designed to control fungal pathogens, their general modes of action are not specific to fungi. Consequently, they can be potentially toxic to a wide range of non-target organisms. The present work had the intent to conduct an extensive literature review to find relevant research on the occurrence, fate and effects of azoxystrobin, the first SCH772984 supplier patent of the strobilurin compounds, in aquatic APR-246 molecular weight ecosystems in order to identify strengths and gaps in the scientific database. Analytical procedures and existing legislation and regulations were also assessed.

Data gathered in the present review revealed that analytical reference standards for the most relevant environmental metabolites of azoxystrobin are needed. Validated confirmatory methods for complex matrices, like sediment and aquatic organisms’ tissues, are very limited. Important knowledge of base-line values of azoxystrobin and its metabolites in natural tropical and estuarine/marine ecosystems is lacking. Moreover, some environmental concentrations of azoxystrobin found in the present review are above the Regulatory Acceptable Concentration (RAC) in what concerns risk to aquatic invertebrates and the No Observed Ecologically Adverse Effect Concentration (NOEAEC) reported for freshwater communities. The present review also showed that there are very

few data on azoxystrobin YM155 cell line toxicity to different aquatic organisms, especially in what concerns estuarine/marine organisms. Besides, toxicity studies mostly address azoxystrobin and usually neglect the more relevant environmental metabolites. Further work is also required in what concerns effects of exposure to multi-stressors, e.g. pesticide mixtures. Even though Log k(ow) for azoxystrobin and R234886, the main metabolite of azoxystrobin in water, are below 3, the bio-concentration factor and the bioaccumulation potential for azoxystrobin are absent in the literature. Moreover, no single study on bioaccumulation and biomagnification processes was found in the present review. (C) 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“The basic unit of chromatin is the nucleosomal core particle, containing 147 bp of DNA that wraps twice around an octamer of core histories. The core histories bear a highly dynamic N-terminal amino acid tail around 20-35 residues in length and rich in basic amino acids.

According to recent studies, certain surgical measures and the use of local anesthetics are promising in the prevention of PCH. NSAIDs seem to have inadequate analgesic effects,

whereas opioids have a wide range of drawbacks; nevertheless, both types of medicaments are regarded as cornerstones of a balanced and adequate multimodal therapy. The purpose of this review is to collect the currently available knowledge Selleckchem PD-1/PD-L1 Inhibitor 3 about the incidence, assessment, pathophysiological mechanism, and predictors of acute and chronic PCH. Therefore, a broad search of the literature has been carried out to collect evidence of potential prevention and treatment strategies.”
“Aim: To assess the prevalence of depression and anxiety in women presenting with gynecological symptoms, to determine how many women with these disorders were receiving treatment for them, and to investigate risk factors for these disorders. Method: Two hundred and sixty-four women seeking medical care from gynecology clinics at a specialist women’s hospital completed a self-report questionnaire asking about sociodemographics, physical and mental health, personality (neuroticism) and psychosocial stressors. Results:

A total of 91 women met the diagnostic criteria for one or more Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ) diagnosis. Forty-six (17.4%) met criteria for major depressive disorder (MDD), 15 (5.7%) for panic disorder (PD) and 73 (27.7%) for generalized anxiety disorder (GAD). Thirty-nine (42.9%) BAY 63-2521 in vitro of the 91 women met criteria for two or more disorders. An additional 23 (8.7%) met DSM-IV-TR criteria for minor (sub-threshold) depression. Fifty percent with MDD, 4% with minor depression, 53% with PD and 22% with GAD reported they were receiving treatment. Psychosocial stressors and the neuroticism score were risk factors for both anxiety and depression. Conclusions: Anxiety and depression are common amongst

women attending a gynecology clinic. Clinicians should be alert to the possibility of these disorders and make specific enquiries about their emotional wellbeing.”
“The aim of our study was to compare bone mineral density (BMD) a year after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) Batimastat and sleeve gastrectomy (SG) in age- and body mass index-matched women. In 33 morbidly obese women undergoing RYGB and 33 undergoing SG, plasma determinations of calcium, parathyroid hormone (PTH), 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH) D-3), and insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) were made prior to and at 12 months after surgery. Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry was performed in all patients 1 year after surgery. BMD at the femoral neck and the lumbar spine 1 year after surgery was similar in women undergoing RYGB and SG (1.01 +/- 0.116 vs. 1.01 +/- 0.122 g/cm(2), p = 0.993; 1.05 +/- 0.116 vs. 1.08 +/- 0.123 g/cm(2), p = 0.384).

In the era of genetics and molecular medicine TEM continues to contribute significant clinical and pathogenetic insights in kidney disease. The basic principles as applied to kidney

disease experimental models are discussed with emphasis on crescent formation in Col4A3-deficient mice and a mouse model of experimental oxalosis (CaOx).”
“Purpose of reviewTo present the mTOR inhibitor recent advances in needle guidance and robotic ultrasound technology which are used for prostate cancer (PCa) diagnosis and management.Recent findingsProstate biopsy technology has remained relatively unchanged. Improved needle localization and precision would allow for better management of this common disease. Robotic ultrasound and needle guidance is one strategy to improve needle localization and diagnostic accuracy of PCa. This review focuses on the recent advances in robotic ultrasound and needle guidance technologies, and their potential impact on PCa diagnosis and management.SummaryThe use of robotic ultrasound and robotic-assisted needle guidance has the potential

to improve Alvocidib PCa diagnosis and management.”
“BACKGROUND: There is much interest in the recognition and determination the two ofloxacin enantiomers, not only from the point of view of investigating the pharmacokinetics of the enantiomers in vitro but also in the design and development of new chiral pharmaceutics.

RESULTS: Chiral separation was performed on a C(18) column, in which the mobile phase consisted of a methanol-water solution (containing different concentrations of L-phenylalanine and copper sulfate) and its flow rate was set at 0.7 mL min(-1). The effect of different kinds and concentration of ligands, bivalent copper ion, organic modifier, ionic liquid modifier, pH of mobile phase, and temperature on enantioseparation were evaluated and the results show that the enantioselectivity was strongly affected by the pH and ligand concentration of the mobile AZD1208 supplier phase. Under

optimal conditions, baseline separation of the two enantiomers was obtained with a resolution of 4.69 in less than 40 min.

CONCLUSION: The mechanism of chiral discrimination is based on the stabilities of the copper(II) binary complexes and their ternary diastereomeric complexes with amino acids formed in solution and stationary phase. The proposed method could be used for the quality evaluation of ofloxacin enantiomers. (C) 2009 Society of Chemical Industry”
“OBJECTIVE: To estimate the effectiveness of a behavioral educational intervention to reduce postpartum depressive symptoms among minority mothers.

METHODS: We recruited 540 self-identified black and Latina mothers during their postpartum hospital stay and randomized them to receive a behavioral educational intervention or enhanced usual care.

The early-stage tumors show favorable outcome, and postoperative regular clinical and radiological follow-up is adequate in most cases. However, close follow-up is mandatory for tumors with histopathologically coexistence of squamous, papillary, and/or eosinophilic RCC component. This report describes Danusertib a 12-year-old girl with a stage I HRCN who was closely followed after nephrectomy with no further treatment.”
“Current research in the field of drug delivery devices, by which pulsatile release is achieved, has been intensified. In this article, an attempt has been made to discuss several types of drug delivery systems that show pulsatile drug delivery

characteristics. As found frequently in the living body, many vital functions are regulated by pulsed or transient release of bioactive substances at a specific site ISRIB datasheet and time. Thus it is important to develop new drug delivery devices to achieve pulsed delivery of a certain amount of drugs in order to mimic the function of the living systems, while minimizing undesired side-effects. Pulsatile delivery, which is meant as the liberation of drugs following programmed lag phases, has drawn increasing interest, especially in view

of emerging chronotherapeutic approaches. This review article is an attempt to discuss various design strategies, chiefly including reservoir, capsular, and osmotic formulations, and drug delivery systems which cause the pulsed or triggered release of bioactive compounds induced due to certain stimuli like thermal, electrical, and magnetic.”
“BACKGROUND: We previously proposed calculating forced vital capacity (FVC) by the number of segments for size matching in living-donor EPZ015938 supplier lobar lung transplantation (LDLLT). The primary purpose of this study was to

compare spirometry-obtained calculations of lower lobe volumes with three-dimensional (3D) computed tomography (CT) volumetric images. Our second goal was to compare the data of pulmonary function tests with CT volumetry in living lung donors.

METHODS: Pulmonary function test, including FVC and total lung capacity (TLC), and 3D CT volumetry were performed pre-operatively in 21 healthy donor candidates for LDLLT. The relationship of 3D CT volumetric data and calculated volume of lower lobes by the number of segments was investigated. Also studied were 3D CT volumetric data in relation to FVC and TLC. Various pre-operative variables were analyzed retrospectively.

RESULTS: According to 3D CT volumetry, the right and left lower lobe volume was 26.3% +/- 2.9% and 22.6% +/- 3.1% of the total lung volume, respectively. We found a significant, strong correlation between each lower lobe volume and the total lung volume. Because the calculated volumes of right and left lower lobes by the number of segments were 26.3% and 21.1%, respectively, our results implied that the volume of both lower lobes was accurately described by the number of segments.