To determine whether these changes cause breakdown of the blood-brain barrier and resultant perivascular or parenchymal cerebral oedema, histology, immunohistochemistry and image analysis were used

to define the prevalence of histological patterns of oedema and the expression of specific molecular pathways involved in water balance in the brain in adults with fatal falciparum malaria.

Methods: The brains of 20 adult Vietnamese patients who died of severe malaria were examined for evidence of disrupted vascular SNS-032 solubility dmso integrity. Immunohistochemistry and image analysis was performed on brainstem sections for activation of the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) receptor 2 and expression of the aquaporin 4 (AQP4) water channel protein. Fibrinogen immunostaining was assessed as evidence of blood-brain barrier leakage and perivascular oedema formation. Correlations were performed with clinical, biochemical and neuropathological parameters of severe malaria infection.

Results: The presence of oedema, plasma protein leakage and evidence of VEGF signalling were heterogeneous in fatal falciparum malaria and did not correlate with pre-mortem coma. Differences in vascular integrity were observed between brain regions with the greatest prevalence of disruption

in the brainstem, compared to the cortex or midbrain. There was a statistically non-significant trend towards higher AQP4 AR-13324 concentration staining in the brainstem of cases that presented with coma (P = .02).

Conclusions: Histological evidence of cerebral oedema or immunohistochemical evidence of localised loss of vascular integrity did not correlate with the occurrence of pre-mortem coma in adults with fatal falciparum malaria. Enhanced expression of AQP4 water channels in the brainstem may, therefore, reflect a mix of both neuropathological or attempted neuroprotective responses to oedema formation.”
“The pathophysiology of stretch syncope is demonstrated

through the clinical, electrophysiological, and hemodynamic findings in three patients. Fifty-seven S3I-201 concentration attacks were captured by video/EEG monitoring. Simultaneous EEG, transcranial (middle cerebral artery) doppler, and continuous arterial pressure measurements were obtained for at least one typical attack of each patient They all experienced a compulsion to precipitate their attacks. Episodes started with a stereotyped phase of stretching associated with neck torsion and breath holding, followed by a variable degree of loss of consciousness and asymmetric, recurrent facial and upper limb jerks in the more prolonged episodes. Significant sinus tachycardia coincided with the phase of stretching and was followed within 9-16 seconds by rhythmic generalized slow wave abnormalities on the EEG in attacks with impairment of consciousness.

To avoid the morbidity of treating non-cancer areas, photodynamic therapy can now be very accurately directed by radiological imaging along pre-planned grids to document and optimise laser-guided photo-activation of the chemo-sensitiser. Rapid local tumour control often results, enabling the patient to benefit from both a higher quality and length of life. TPCA-1 manufacturer (C) 2010 The Royal College of Radiologists. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“Chronic myeloid leukemia is a hematopoietic stem cell disorder

that causes uncontrolled proliferation of white blood cells. Although the clinical and biological aspects are well documented, little is known about individual susceptibility to this https://www.selleckchem.com/products/PD-98059.html disease. We conducted a case-control study analyzing the prevalence of the polymorphisms MTHFR C677T, MTHFR A1298C, delGSTM1, delGSTT1, and haptoglobin in 105 patients with chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) and 273 healthy controls, using PCR-based methods. A significant association with risk of developing CML was found for MTHFR 1298AA (odds ratio (OR) = 1.794; 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.14-2.83) and GSTM1 non-null (OR = 1.649; 95% CI = 1.05-2.6) genotypes, while MTHFR 1298AC (OR = 0.630; 95% CI = 0.40-0.99) and GSTM1 null (OR = 0.606; 95% CI = 0.21-0.77) genotypes significantly decreased this risk. There appeared

to be selection for heterozygosity at the MTHFR 1298 locus. The considerable range of variation in this and other human populations may be a consequence of distinctive processes of natural selection and adaptation to variable environmental conditions. The Brazilian population is very mixed and heterogeneous; we found these two loci to be associated with

CML in this population.”
“In this study, ascorbic acid, total polyphenols and proanthocyanidins of fresh-cut cashew apple were quantified. Antioxidant capacity was selleck chemical determined in whole juice and in polyphenols extracts by three methods: 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) and beta-carotene bleaching. Effect of cutting and storage for 24 h at 2 degrees C, 27 degrees C and 40 degrees C on these compounds were also evaluated. Cashew apple presented 163 mg of ascorbic acid per 100 g of fresh weight (FW). Soluble and hydrolysable polyphenols contents were 12.79 mg GAE/100 g FW and 18.53 mg GAE/100 g FW and proanthocyanidins were 9.27 mg/100 g FW. Antioxidant capacity of juice and polyphenols extract was high for DPPH method. Storage temperatures affected bioactive compounds on cut cashew apple. The content of ascorbic acid decreased in all temperatures. Proanthocyanidins were more sensitive to 40 degrees C than to other temperatures. The content of polyphenols and antioxidant capacity of juice by DPPH assay did not change. However, the reducing power was lower in samples kept at high temperatures.

Molecular genetic investigation revealed a de novo germline TP53 mutation, and heralded an aggressive clinical progression of multiple malignancies in a child.”
“Background: A longer acting, double mutant bacterial cocaine esterase (CocE T172R/G173Q;

DM CocE) has been shown to protect mice from cocaine-induced lethality, inhibit the reinforcing effects of cocaine in rats, and reverse cocaine’s cardiovascular effects in rhesus monkeys. The current studies evaluated the effectiveness of DM CocE to protect against, and reverse cocaine’s cardiovascular, convulsant, and lethal effects in male and female rats.

Methods: Pretreatment studies were used to determine the effectiveness and in vivo duration of action for DM CocE to protect rats against SB202190 chemical structure the occurrence of cardiovascular changes, convulsion and lethality associated with acute cocaine toxicity. Posttreatment studies were used to evaluate the capacity of DM CocE to rescue rats from the cardiovascular and lethal effects of large doses of cocaine. In addition, male and female rats were studied to determine if there were any potential effects of sex on the capacity of DM CocE to protect against, or reverse selleck compound acute cocaine toxicity in rats.

Results: Pretreatment with DM CocE dose-dependently protected rats against cocaine-induced

cardiovascular changes, convulsion and lethality, with higher doses active for up to 4 h, and shifting cocaine-induced lethality at least 10-fold to the right. In addition to dose-dependently recovering rats from an otherwise lethal dose of cocaine, post-treatment with DM CocE also reversed the cardiovascular effects of cocaine. There were no sex-related differences in the effectiveness of DM CocE to protect against, or reverse acute cocaine toxicity.

Conclusions: Together, these results support the development of DM CocE for the treatment of acute cocaine

toxicity. (C) 2011 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“Prenatal stress exerts a strong impact on fetal brain development in rats impairing adaptation to GDC-0068 stressful conditions, subsequent vulnerability to anxiety, altered sexual function, and enhanced propensity to self-administer drugs. Most of these alterations have been attributed to changes in the neurotransmitter dopamine (DA). In humans; dysfunction of dopaminergic system is associated with development of several neurological disorders, such as Parkinson disease, schizophrenia, attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder, and depression. Evidences provided by animal research, as well as retrospective studies in humans, pointed out that exposure to adverse events in early life can alter adult behaviors and neurochemical indicators of midbrain DA activity, suggesting that the development of the DA system is sensitive to disruption by exposure to early stressors.

“
“Objective Growing interest in seizure prediction exists as a means to deliver newer antiepileptic therapies, though patient self-termination of seizures has received little attention

Methods Two hundred twenty-three patients able to recognize seizure onset were surveyed in an outpatient epilepsy clinic A seven-question survey administered prospectively assessed self-reported seizure prediction and clinical techniques used for self-termination Survey responses

targeted percentage predictability of seizures, timing of clinical prediction. likelihood/timing BAY 57-1293 solubility dmso of termination. frequency and effectiveness of methods used, and perspectives of patient and physician belief in self-termination

Results. Two hundred twenty-three patients (89 males) with a mean age of 42.7 years, average duration of epilepsy of 20 8 years and monthly mean seizure frequency of 4.1 comprised the study group. Thirty-eight percent completed >75% of the survey prior treatment included a mean of 6.0 AEDs (40/192 had surgery). 65% had ongoing seizures Sixty percent of 223 patients reported a history of an aura, and 39% consistently noted auras for >75% of their current seizures Of the patients with auras, seizure triggers were reported in 74%, with worry and stress (N=69), sleep deprivation (N=60), and missed medication (N=56) most frequently IPI-549 price cited. Seventeen

percent were positive/somewhat sure they could predict onset, with approximately 20% noting rapid onset in <15 seconds Twenty-two of 82 noted that they had some ability to self-terminate their seizures. and 9% were positive that they Could do

so Methods to self-terminate were effective (>75% certainty) in 35% (26/75) The primary methods were lying down/resting and taking extra medication

Conclusion. The majority of patients with partial seizures recognize triggers of seizure onset In addition, store than one-third believe they can effectively self-terminate their partial-onset seizures Lying down, resting, and taking extra medication were the most common techniques instituted by patients. Correlating clinical symptoms at seizure onset with termination may help improve the sensitivity in seizure Selleckchem MLN0128 prediction (C) 2009 Elsevier Inc All rights reserved”
“The atomic structure of Pd ultrathin films grown on Ni(111) at 300 K is investigated by low-energy electron diffraction and scanning tunneling microscopy. It is determined atomically that the growth of monolayer Pd films leads to a periodic arrangement of triangular misfit dislocation loops in the underlying Ni(111) surface, resulting in a triangular superstructure on the monolayer Pd surface. The triangular dislocation loops tend to align at an angle of about 5 degrees from the Ni atom row, owing to a slight rotation of the Pd films with respect to the Ni substrate, and appear as a moirelike superstructure on the multilayer Pd surfaces.

Consequently, the treating surgeon has little early feedback regarding the long-term consequences of management interventions. We therefore sought to devise a quantitative method to identify early evidence of growth disturbance related to osteonecrosis.

Methods:

The width and height of the epiphyses were measured on anteroposterior radiographs of the pelvis made twelve to eighteen months after successful closed reduction and on the latest Selleck Tideglusib available radiograph for each patient (mean age, 8.6 years). The epiphyseal index was calculated by dividing the height by the width. The radiographs were also scored for osteonecrosis with use of the Kalamchi and MacEwen classification system and were also assessed for sphericity with use of Mose rings.

Results: Forty-seven patients with late-presenting developmental dysplasia of the hip who subsequently GSK1838705A in vivo underwent successful closed reduction were included. An index of <0.357 on the twelve to eighteen-month post-treatment radiograph strongly predicted the development of a nonspherical femoral head on the latest radiograph (sensitivity, 0.83; specificity, 0.95; positive predictive value, 0.55; and negative predictive value, 0.99).

Conclusions: The height-to-width index appears to be a simple and quantifiable measurement of the severity of growth disturbance as a consequence of osteonecrosis following treatment for developmental dysplasia

of the hip. It is predictive of asphericity at the time of intermediate-term follow-up and appears Tariquidar mouse likely to predict asphericity at maturity, but this must be confirmed with follow-up to maturity. Unlike the currently used methods of assessing osteonecrosis, the index allows for the quantifiable evaluation of growth disturbance within a few years after the corrective procedure.”
“Recollection of emotional memories is attributed in part to the activation of the amygdala and the hippocampus. Recent hypothesis suggests a pivotal role for the ventral hippocampus (VH) in traumatic stress processing and emotional memory retrieval. Persistent re-experiencing

and intrusive recollections are core symptoms in acute and posttraumatic stress disorders (ASD; PTSD). Such intrusive recollections are often triggered by reminders associated with the trauma. We examined the impact of exposure to a trauma reminder (under water trauma (UVVT)) on the activation of the basolateral amygdala (BLA), dorsal and VH. Rats were exposed to UVVT and 24 h later were re-exposed to the context of the trauma. Phosphorylation of the extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ER K) was used as a marker for level of activation of these regions. Significant increase in ERK activation was found in the VH and BLA. Such pattern of activation was not found in animals exposed only to the trauma or in animals exposed only to the trauma reminder. Additionally, the dissociative pattern of activation of the VH sub-regions positively correlated with the activation of the BLA.

, Japan) was placed and stitched near the right clavicle. The patient felt no discomfort caused by the catheter. Case 2 was

a 64-year-old women with malignant lymphoma whose right internal jugular vein was surrounded by abnormally enlarged lymph nodes. CVC was performed CDK inhibitor by the in-plane supraclavicular approach, avoiding puncture of the lymph node. This novel CVC technique is useful to minimize the risk of complications and patient discomfort by indwelling catheter.”
“Aim: There are few studies on drowning-related out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA) in which patients are followed from the scene through to hospital discharge. This study aims to describe this population and their outcomes in the state of Victoria (Australia).

Methods: The Victorian Ambulance Cardiac Arrest Registry was searched for all cases of OHCA with a precipitating event of drowning attended by emergency medical services (EMS) between October 1999 and December 2011.

Results: EMS attended 336 drowning-related OHCA during the study period. Cases frequently occurred in summer (45%) and BI 10773 mw the majority of patients were male (70%) and adult (77%). EMS resuscitation was attempted on 154 (46%) patients. Of these patients, 41 (27%) survived to hospital arrival and 12 (8%) survived to hospital discharge (5 adults [6%]

and 7 [12%] children). Few patients were found in a shockable rhythm (6%), with the majority presenting in asystole (79%) or pulse-less electrical activity (13%). An initial shockable rhythm was found to positively predict survival (AOR 48.70, 95% CI: 3.80-624.86) while increased EMS response time (AOR

0.73, 95% CI: 0.54-0.98) and salt water drowning (AOR 0.69, 95% CI: 0.01-0.84) were found to negatively predict survival.

Conclusions: Rates of survival in OHCA caused by drowning are comparable to other OHCA causes. Patients were more likely to survive if they did not drown in salt water, had a quick EMS response and they were found in a shockable www.selleckchem.com/products/bay-57-1293.html rhythm. Prevention efforts and reducing EMS response time are likely to improve survival of drowning patients. (C) 2013 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“Clear cell basal cell carcinoma is a rare histological variant of basal cell carcinoma, which has been well described in the literature. We herein report a case of a 56-year-old man who developed lung metastasis from a rather aggressive tumor that grew very rapidly to involve the parotid gland, the mandibular bone, and even the petrous portion of the temporal bone, the middle ear, and the dura mater. Histological diagnosis was clear cell carcinoma, and initially a salivary origin was suspected. Only in the resection specimen, we found areas of more conventional basal cell carcinoma, and final diagnosis was clear cell basal cell carcinoma. We herein report a case of this rare variant and comment on the histopathological differential diagnosis and the possible relation between these tumors and Gorlin-Goltz syndrome.

P uptake by denitrifying phosphate accumulating organisms [DPAOs) accounted for 41 – 52% of the total uptake in the MBR.

CONCLUSIONS: This study found that the intermediate clarifier assisted chemical oxygen demand (COD), N, and P removal. With respect to the fate of P, the intermediate clarifier functioned as an extended anaerobic zone when the HRT of the

preceding anaerobic zone was insufficient for P release, and as a pre-anoxic zone when the anaerobic HRT was adequate for P release. (C) 2008 Society of Chemical Industry”
“Periodontal disease is characterised by proteolytic processes involving enzymes that are released by host immune cells and periodontal click here bacteria. These enzymes, when detectable in whole saliva, may serve as valuable diagnostic markers for disease states and progression. Because the substrate specificities of salivary proteases in periodontal health and disease are poorly characterised, we probed these activities using several relevant substrates: (i) gelatin and collagen type IV; (ii) the Arg/Lys-rich human salivary substrate histatin-5; and (iii) a selleck compound histatin-derived synthetic analog benzyloxycarbonyl-Arg-Gly-Tyr-Arg-methyl cumaryl amide (Z-RGYR-MCA). Substrate degradation was assessed in gel (zymography) and in solution. Whole saliva supernatant enzyme activities directed at gelatin, quantified from the 42 kDa, 92 kDa and 130 kDa bands in the zymograms,

were 1.3, 1.4 and 2.0-fold higher, respectively, in the periodontal patient group (P<0.01), consistent with enhanced activities observed towards collagen type IV. On the other hand, histatin 5 degraded equally fast in healthy and periodontal patients’ whole saliva supernatant samples (P>0.10). Likewise, the hydrolysis rates of the Z-RGYR-MCA substrate were the same in the healthy and periodontal patient groups (P>0.10). In conclusion, gelatinolytic/collagenolytic activities but not trypsin-like activities selleck kinase 抑制剂 in human saliva differentiate health from periodontal disease and may thus provide

an adjuvant to diagnosis for monitoring disease activity.”
“Objective: Description and evaluation of a newly developed artificial temporal bone (TB) model suitable for surgical training for cochlear implantation.

Subject: Based on micro-computed tomographic images, a TB model was designed with material properties as similar to bone as possible. The bony anatomic details were rebuilt as closely as possible with preservation of the endocochlear lumen.

Intervention: The TB model was compared with a human cadaveric TB by 8 otologists experienced in cochlear implantation.

Main Outcome Measure: The otologists were asked to respond to a semiquantitative questionnaire with scales from 1 (strongly disagree) to 5 (strongly agree). Anatomic details were compared macroscopically and microscopically. The surgical steps of mastoidectomy, posterior tympanotomy, cochleostomy, and insertion of a cochlear electrode were assessed.

This case illustrates that ECMO can serve not only as a bridge to diagnosis, but can also facilitate correct diagnosis. Given the excellent outcome after surgical treatment, it is crucial that cardiologists rule out the possibility of cor triatriatum when assessing a child with unexplained pulmonary

hypertension.”
“A case of type II odontoid fracture with irreducible posterior dislocation is presented. Cervical traction was employed but reduction could not be achieved with up to 15 kg of traction. The patient was treated with intraoperative transoral open reduction combined with anterior-posterior fixation. Rigid fixation and bone union were obtained without any complication in the 12-month follow-up. Selleckchem NU7026 The patient has restricted C-spine rotation but no neck pain with movement. Transoral open reduction may be considered in patients with irreducible posteriorly displaced odontoid selleck chemical fracture.”
“Hypothesis: The present study assessed how to inject a gene into the mouse vestibule and which is the optimum gene to the mouse vestibule adenovirus (AdV) vector or adeno-associated virus (AAV) vector.

Background: Loss of vestibular hair cell is seen in various balance disorder diseases. There have been some reports concerning gene delivery to the mouse vestibule in recent years. To effectively

induce transgene expression at the vestibule, we assessed the efficiency of inoculating the mouse inner ear using various CB-5083 ic50 methods.

Methods: We employed an AdV- and AAV-carrying green fluorescent protein

using a semicircular canal approach (via a canalostomy) and round window approach.

Results: AAV injection via canalostomy induced gene expression at the hair cells, supporting cells, and fibrocytes at the vestibular organs without auditory or balance dysfunction, suggesting it was the most suitable transfection method. This method is thus considered to be a promising strategy to prevent balance dysfunction.

Conclusion: AAV injection via canalostomy to the vestibule is the noninvasive and highly efficient transfection method, and this study may have the potential to repair balance disorders in human in the future.”
“Cheek defects generally occur because of reasons such as trauma, burn, and tumor excisions. In the reconstruction of cheek defects, it is essential to cover the defects using the tissues with compatible color and similar texture. Although many techniques have been described for this purpose, local flaps are more likely to be used.

In this study, we describe a new technique named “”rabbit ear flap,”" which we used for the reconstruction of a 4.5 x 7-cm cheek defect due to basal cell carcinoma excision in a 71-year-old male patient.

It is apparent that multiple, parallel and redundant pathways are involved in this process and that these pathways form interacting networks. Furthermore, it is possible that the pathways can functionally compensate for each other, for example in mouse

knockout studies. This makes sense given the importance of lens clarity in an evolutionary context. Apoptosis signalling and proteolytic pathways have been implicated in both lens fibre cell differentiation and organelle loss, including the Bcl-2 and inhibitor of apoptosis families, tumour necrosis factors, p53 and its regulators (such as Mdm2) and proteolytic enzymes, including caspases, cathepsins, calpains and the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway. Ongoing approaches being used to dissect the molecular pathways involved, such as transgenics, lens-specific gene deletion and zebrafish mutants, are discussed here. Finally, some of the remaining unresolved issues and potential areas for future studies are highlighted.”
“BACKGROUND: STA-9090 Life-threatening arrhythmias may complicate the hospital course of patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) undergoing primary percutaneous coronary intervention

(PPCI). The optimal duration of electrocardiographic monitoring in such patients is not well established. We aimed to determine the incidence and the time of occurrence of life-threatening arrhythmias in STEMI patients undergoing PPCI.

METHODS: Data of 382 consecutive patients with STEMI undergoing PPCI were analysed regarding the occurrence of ventricular fibrillation (VF), sustained ventricular tachycardia (sVT) or bradycardia necessitating temporary or permanent pacing.

RESULTS: Of these patients, 55% PXD101 inhibitor had inferior STEMI, 41% anterior and 4% lateral STEMI. The infarct-related arteries were the right in 41%, the left anterior descending in 41%, the left circumflex in 16%, the left main stem in 1% and a vein graft

in <1%. During hospitalisation, 27 (7.0%) patients developed 29 life-threatening arrhythmias (incidence 7.6%): 19 episodes occurred during PPCI (VF n = 11, bradycardia n = 8), 9 episodes during see more the first 24 hours after PPCI (VF n = 7, sVT n = 2), and 1 sVT episode in a hypokalemic patient on the 4th post-procedural day. A total of 17 patients (4.5%) died within the first 30 days, and 3 of these died during the PPCI procedure.

CONCLUSIONS: Life-threatening arrhythmias occur in a considerable proportion of STEMI patients undergoing PPCI during hospitalisation. Most of these arrhythmias occur during the PPCI procedure. Post-procedural life-threatening arrhythmias are virtually limited to the first 24 hours after PPCI. Thus, routine electrocardiographic monitoring beyond the first 24 hours after PPCI might not be required in most patients with uncomplicated STEMI.”
“Chronic low back pain is highly prevalent in Western societies. Large epidemiological studies show that 20% to 35% of patients with back pain suffer from a neuropathic pain component.

In contrast, in HSC-2 cells the migration was stimulated only by less than 50 mu g/mL of Emdogain, whereas at higher amounts this stimulating effect was either diminished or absent.

Conclusion. Emdogain stimulates proliferation, viability, and migration of AOB, HSC-2, and HUVECs in vitro. This biological versatility www.selleckchem.com/products/blasticidin-s-hcl.html of Emdogain could correspond to an essential mechanism underlying its ability to promote periodontal regeneration. (Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 2010;109:924-931)”
“In view of

the geographically closest location to Andaman archipelago, Myanmar was suggested to be the origin place of aboriginal Andamanese. However, for lacking any genetic information from this region, which has prevented to resolve the dispute on whether the aboriginal Andamanese were originated from mainland India or Myanmar. To solve this question and better understand the

origin of the aboriginal Andamanese, we screened for haplogroups M31 (from which Andaman-specific lineage M31a1 branched off) and M32 among 846 mitochondrial DNAs (mtDNAs) sampled across Myanmar. As a result, two Myanmar individuals belonging to haplogroup M31 were identified, and completely sequencing the entire mtDNA genomes of both samples testified Selleck CH5424802 that the two M31 individuals observed in Myanmar were probably attributed to the recent gene flow from northeast India populations. Since no root lineages of haplogroup M31 or M32 were observed in Myanmar, it is unlikely that Myanmar may serve as the source place of the aboriginal Andamanese. To get further insight into the origin of this unique population, the detailed phylogenetic and phylogeographic

analyses were performed by including additional 7 new entire mtDNA genomes and 113 M31 mtDNAs pinpointed from South Asian populations, and the results suggested that Andaman-specific M31a1 could in fact trace its origin to northeast India. Time estimation results further indicated that the Andaman archipelago was likely settled by modern humans from northeast India via the land-bridge which connected the Andaman archipelago and Myanmar around the Last Glacial Maximum LY2157299 TGF-beta/Smad inhibitor (LGM), a scenario in well agreement with the evidence from linguistic and palaeoclimate studies.”
“In this study, titanium dioxide (TiO(2)) or nano titanium dioxide (nano-TiO(2)) was used as a cocatalyst in the flame-retardant (FR) formulation of N-methylol dimethylphosphonopropionamide (Pyrovatex CP New, FR), melamine resin [Knittex CHN, crosslinking agent (CL)], and phosphoric acid (PA) for cotton fabrics to improve the treatment effectiveness and minimize the side effects of the treatment. For FR-treated cotton fabrics, the flame extinguished right after removal of the ignition source with no flame spreading. However, after neutralization and/or home laundering, FR-CL-treated specimens failed the flammability test, whereas the opposite results were obtained from FR-CL-PA-treated specimens.